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The purpose of this study is to establish the cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antiplasmodial activity of a mixture of\n                      <jats:italic>Terminalia macroptera<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Erythrina sigmoidea<\/jats:italic>\n                      extracts, two plants that have been traditionally used together in the management of malaria in Cameroon\u2032s Western Region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The stem bark extracts of both plants were formulated according to established protocols. Previous studies reported the use of blends of\n                      <jats:italic>E. sigmoidea<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>T. macroptera<\/jats:italic>\n                      in antiplasmodial assays employing established methods. Three combinations were used: 75%\n                      <jats:italic>T. macroptera<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 25%\n                      <jats:italic>E. sigmoidea<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Combination 1, 50%\n                      <jats:italic>T. macroptera<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 50%\n                      <jats:italic>E. sigmoidea<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Combination 2, and 25%\n                      <jats:italic>T. macroptera<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 75%\n                      <jats:italic>E. sigmoidea<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Combination 3. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the combinations against chloroquine\u2010sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine\u2010resistant (Dd2)\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains was evaluated by the SYBR green fluorescence\u2010based assay. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH (1,1\u2010diphenyl\u20102picrylhydrazyl), FRAP free radical scavenging (ferric reducing antioxidant capacity), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), and NO (nitric oxide) radical scavenging. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated by using Vero cell line and human donor red blood cells (RBCs). Docking studies were conducted using the Schrodinger Maestro software.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Extracts of\n                      <jats:italic>E. sigmoidea<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>T. macroptera<\/jats:italic>\n                      were effective in all the three combinations. Being effective with IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      values of 4.64 \u00b1 0.09\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/mL for the 3D7 strain and 4.67 \u00b1 0.24\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/mL for the Dd2 strain of\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the third combination proved to be the most effective. The free radical scavenging activity of all the plant extracts was good. Against DPPH, FRAP, NO, and H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      values for the combination were 510.3\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, 159.6\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, and undetermined, respectively. Plant extract Combination 3 was not cytotoxic in cytotoxicity assay with CC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      of 217.05 \u00b1 0.21\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/mL against Vero cells and reduced hemolysis compared with positive control. Phytochemical analysis of plant extract identified the existence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, tannins, quinones, saponins, flavonoids, and phenolics. Sigmoidin A, Bidwillon A, Abyssinone V, Flavogallonic acid, 3,4,5\u2010tri\u2010O\u2010caffeoylquinic acid were the Top 5 ligands that had the highest docking scores. Compounds are docked to\n                      <jats:italic>PfDHFR<\/jats:italic>\n                      because it is an essential enzyme, a validated antimalarial drug target, and docking provides mechanistic insight, resistance relevance, and predictive support for antiplasmodial activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings suggest that the combination of stem bark extracts of\n                      <jats:italic>T. macroptera<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E. sigmoidea<\/jats:italic>\n                      may have antimalarial activity. Additional in vivo antimalarial and toxicity studies are required for the scientific validation of the application of the two plant extracts in combination for antimalarial activity. The investigation of\n                      <jats:italic>T. macroptera<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E. sigmoidea<\/jats:italic>\n                      via their interactions with proteins supported our hypothesis that the active substance is a strong inhibitor of the\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      dihydrofolate reductase\u2010thymidylate synthase (\n                      <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010DHFR\u2010TS). Analyzing these compounds\u2032 ADME characteristics contributes to the possibility of these ligands being developed into pharmaceutical forms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/2472782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:19:44Z","timestamp":1777871984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Antimalarial Potential of a Combination of\n                    <i>Terminalia macroptera<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Erythrina sigmoidea:<\/i>\n                    In Vitro and In Silico Assays"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3045-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tientcheu Noutong Jemimah","family":"Sandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noumedem Anangmo Christelle","family":"Nadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamssi","family":"Cedric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3134-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamago Nkadeu","family":"Guy-Armand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2599-6310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngouyamsa Nsapkain Aboubakar","family":"Sidiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7084-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mounvera Abdel","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent Khan","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6805-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61478-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.30875\/9789287074560","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2025: Addressing the Threat of Antimalarial Drug Resistance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","volume-title":"Plantes m\u00e9dicinales guin\u00e9ennes: validation de l\u2032effet antipaludique et impact sur la modulation de l\u2032immunit\u00e9","author":"Camara A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04301-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Artemisinin and Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Resistance: Status Report 2016 World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2652-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-7646(98)80208-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100361"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61002-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1219432"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2023.100723"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1383047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3350293"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","article-title":"Vitro and In Vivo Antimalarial Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Erythrina sigmoidea Stem Bark Used for the Treatment of Malaria in the Western Region of Cameroon. 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