{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:36:44Z","timestamp":1773790604131,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Foodborne diseases, particularly those caused by parasitic infections, pose significant public health challenges globally, particularly affecting vulnerable populations such as children. In this study, we investigated the parasitic contamination in 773 samples of fruits, vegetables, and leafy greens from Ecuador\u2019s Chimborazo Province. Utilizing a cross\u2010sectional, observational approach, samples were collected from the capital of the Guano canton, Chimborazo Province. The analysis revealed an alarming overall contamination frequency of 74.5%, with leafy greens exhibiting the highest contamination (238\/275 [86.5%]), followed by vegetables (130\/188 [69.1%]) and fruits (208\/310 [67.1%]) (\n                    <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 32.793;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001). Protozoa (71.8%) were four times more prevalent than helminths (16.9%) (\n                    <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 471.106;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001), showing a higher frequency in leafy greens (228\/275 [82.9%]) compared to fruits (205\/310 [66.1%]) and vegetables (122\/188 [64.9%]) (\n                    <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 26.113;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001). In contrast, helminths were more frequently found in vegetables (54\/188 [28.7%]) than in leafy greens (49\/275 [17.8%]) and fruits (28\/310 [9%]) (\n                    <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 32.469;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001). Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. was the most frequently identified parasite in all types of produce, particularly in fruits (43.5%) and leafy greens (40.7%). These findings underscore the critical need to improve food safety protocols and sanitation practices in agricultural settings to mitigate health risks associated with parasitic infections, especially among children in socioeconomically disadvantaged rural communities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/4620160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T11:20:39Z","timestamp":1741692039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protozoan and Helminth Contamination in Ecuadorian Agricultural Products: Dominance of\n                    <i>Blastocystis<\/i>\n                    sp."],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4431-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa Carolina","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7088-7077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian Andr\u00e9s Quito","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2186-2362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica Carolin Rojano","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4712-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximena","family":"del Roc\u00edo Robalino Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7869-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia Paola Monar","family":"Basantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8381-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 G.","family":"Prato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9628-9632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"D\u00edaz-God\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1055-5774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Carrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116901"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.132957.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","unstructured":"WHOandUNICEF Progress on Drinking Water Sanitation and Hygiene 2017 1\u20136 June 2024 https:\/\/washdata.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/reports\/2018-01\/JMP-2017-report-final-highlights.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","volume-title":"WHO\u2019s first ever global estimates of foodborne diseases find children under 5 account for almost one third of deaths","author":"Davies O. L.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108656"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108582"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2021.103792"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109634"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109847"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2023.e00200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05674-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijphs.v11i4.21875"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30486\/ijrowa.2022.1942737.1360"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6300563"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2023.e00327"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22161\/ijaers.6.5.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v36i4.2914"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","first-page":"111","article-title":"Calidad microbiol\u00f3gica de las hortalizas y factores asociados a la contaminaci\u00f3n en \u00e1reas de cultivo en La Habana","volume":"13","author":"Puig Pe\u00f1a Y.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista Habanera de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","first-page":"144","article-title":"Detection of water-borne and food-borne intestinal parasites of Trujillo, Peru","volume":"25","author":"P\u00e9rez-Cord\u00f3n G.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.5812660"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detecci\u00f3n de par\u00e1sitos en lechugas distribuidas en mercados populares del Municipio Maracaibo","volume":"26","author":"Rivero de Rodr\u00edguez Z.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kasmera"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.18.1.185-190.1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edsticas de Ecuador INEC 2020 https:\/\/www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec\/institucional\/home\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","article-title":"Dispersi\u00f3n h\u00eddrica de enteropar\u00e1sitos en una zona agropecuaria de gran altitud, en Los Andes Ecuatorianos","volume":"48","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ram\u00edrez L. C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kasmera"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","volume-title":"Identificaci\u00f3n de enteropar\u00e1sitos en animales que act\u00faan como reservorios en Pungal Grande y San Pedro, Cant\u00f3n Guano, Chimborazo","author":"Quispe Monar S. D.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2021.100630"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Contaminaci\u00f3n paras\u00edtica de hortalizas de consumo humano expendidas en mercados de Trujillo, Per\u00fa","volume":"39","author":"Salcedo D. B.","year":"2019","journal-title":"REBIOL"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2023.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12081050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7090226"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136709"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences7020034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33262\/anatomiadigital.v6i4.3.2798"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2022.103980"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2013.07.002"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/4620160","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/japr\/4620160","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/4620160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:10:31Z","timestamp":1773778231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/japr\/4620160"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bernard","family":"Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/japr\/4620160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/japr\/4620160","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0023","2090-0031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4620160"}}