{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:56:32Z","timestamp":1790700992659,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":125,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004424","name":"Water Research Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/2023-00834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/2023-00834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004424","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Schistosomiasis, a parasitic waterborne infection, remains a major public health challenge in disadvantaged regions, with schoolchildren (5\u201314 years) at high risk due to frequent water exposure. The study is aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to schistosomiasis among school\u2010aged children in Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB) and examining how sociodemographic and environmental factors influence KAP outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quantitative, descriptive, cross\u2010sectional study was conducted among 759 schoolchildren aged 5\u201314 years, enrolled in Grades 0\u20137. Data were collected using a structured, closed\u2010ended, interview\u2010administered questionnaire, which included sections on sociodemographic characteristics, clinical history, and KAP related to schistosomiasis. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate associations and describe the data using R software (Version 4.3.1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Only 11% participants were aware of schistosomiasis, mainly learning from school (62%) or home (35%). Key environmental factors included urinating in rivers (44%), living near water bodies (21.1%), and swimming (11.3%). Knowledge and attitude scores showed a moderate positive correlation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.33;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Gender and grade level significantly influenced KAP scores, with males and older children (Grades 4\u20137) exhibiting better knowledge (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.015), attitudes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.023), and practices (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001). Females had lower knowledge scores (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.15;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.018), while older children displayed fewer positive attitudes (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.07;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.038) and poorer practices (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.11;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant gaps in knowledge, poor attitudes, and inadequate hygiene practices highlight the need for targeted education and community\u2010based strategies to improve KAP and reduce schistosomiasis risk in NMB schoolchildren.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/6617259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:45:13Z","timestamp":1778060713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Schistosomiasis Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among School\u2010Going Children Aged 5\u201314 Years in Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB), South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0161-1607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryline","family":"Vere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2253-6354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilma","family":"ten Ham-Baloyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0264-5526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Ochola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Opeoluwa","family":"Oyedele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5613-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takafira","family":"Mduluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3612-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Melariri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285533"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S40249-018-0448-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/WELLCOMEOPENRES.18650.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2015\/20140266"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PNTD.0009669"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S40249-019-0561-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Schistosomiasis 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00090-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195519"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7120426"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v24i4.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-021-01448-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math11122666"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S40249-017-0300-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04692-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Among Grade 4-7 Primary School Children and a Retrospective Prevalence in KwaNobuhle, Eastern Cape","author":"Hambury S. D.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3871-y","volume-title":"Prevalence of Schistosomiasis and Associated Risk Factors Among School Children in Um-Asher Area, Khartoum, Sudan","author":"Hajissa K.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011650"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6774434"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","unstructured":"Statistics South Africa Census 2022: Statistical Release 2023 https:\/\/census.statssa.gov.za\/assets\/documents\/2022\/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","unstructured":"Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality Infrastructure and Engineering. Water Outlook Report November 2021; Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality: Port Elizabeth South Africa 2021 https:\/\/www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za\/DataRepository\/Documents\/nmbm-water-outlook-2021-report-november-2021_907Hn.pdf (accessed on 15 April 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","unstructured":"Climate & Weather Averages in Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality South Africa 2024 https:\/\/www.timeanddate.com\/weather\/@8347387\/climate."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","unstructured":"CDCD 2019 Report Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Mapping In Eastern Cape Province Department of Health Communicable Diseases Control Directorate. (Unpublished government report; no public URL available.)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Sample Size Calculation in Medical Studies","volume":"6","author":"Pourhoseingholi M. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology From Bed to Bench"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.3704"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218080"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2923-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S41256-022-00267-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13071-015-0766-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJID.2019.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/SAJID.V32I2.56"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/PHCFM.V12I1.2098"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34122-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000528.PUB2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0253041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011043"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPUBH.2020.00231"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04905-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010190"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PNTD.0009380"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0431-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/AHS.V19I1.5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/6617259","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/japr\/6617259","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/6617259","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:45:23Z","timestamp":1778060723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/japr\/6617259"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Satabdi","family":"Datta Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/japr\/6617259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/japr\/6617259","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0023","2090-0031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"6617259"}}