{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T05:17:27Z","timestamp":1774502247927,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008257","name":"Tarbiat Modares University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MED 75380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MED 75380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"\n Most\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n s contain endosymbionts such as viruses, yeasts, protists, and bacteria, some of which are potential human pathogens, including\n Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n which often causes gastroenteritis and septicemia in humans. Amoebae have been shown to be resistant to chlorination and apparently protect ingested bacteria such as\n C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n from free chlorine. Such resistance can have health implications, especially for drinking water treatment. The aim of this study is to identify\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n in hospital samples in Markazi province, to determine the identity of\n C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n endosymbiont in positive samples of\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n in natural and laboratory conditions, and to determine the relationship between the two. The main aim of this study was to determine the identity of\n C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n endosymbiont in\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010positive samples in natural and laboratory conditions. In this study, 134 samples including water, soil, and dust were collected from hospital environments. After molecular detection, the identity of the symbiotic\n Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n in\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n was determined by microscopic and PCR methods. Then, the ability of bacteria to infect the parasite was examined by cocultivation in vitro using real\u2010time PCR. Finally, their relationship was examined based on statistical tests. The rate of contamination of hospital samples with\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n was 44.7% on average. Out of 42\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n PCR\u2010positive samples, seven isolates (16.67%) were found to be positive in terms of\n C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n endosymbiont according to sampling location. The results showed that\n Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>\n is able to penetrate and enter the\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n parasite. In conclusion, our results showed that\n C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n is able to contaminate\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n in natural and laboratory conditions. The presence of pathogenic\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n in various hospital environments and the hiding of\n Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>\n as an endosymbiont inside it can pose a serious threat to the health of hospitalized patients.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/6626888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T03:18:31Z","timestamp":1739503111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection of\n Acanthamoeba<\/i>\n Harboring\n Campylobacter jejuni<\/i>\n Endosymbionts in Hospital Environments of Markazi Province, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5591-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdolhossein","family":"Dalimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ghaffarifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0046-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Pirestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","volume-title":"Characterisation of bacterial symbionts in amoebae","author":"Hewett M. K.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204732"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","volume-title":"Koneman\u2019s Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology","author":"Procop G. W.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","volume-title":"Acanthamoeba-Campylobacter Interactions","author":"Nguyen H.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.2.987-992.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.413-433.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(01)01240-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540110080052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v18i1.12378"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6358315"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Isolation and genotyping of Acanthamoeba strains from environmental sources in Ahvaz City, Khuzestan Province, Southern Iran","volume":"7","author":"Rahdar M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","volume-title":"Diagnosis and cytopatogenicity of Acanthamoeba, vahlkampfia and Hartmannella in corneal tissue","author":"Kinnear F. B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.1999.00045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201100097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078873"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-113"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00190.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2018-0016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.2.733-741.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01916.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.9.5111-5118.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2015.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001143"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","volume-title":"Amoebae as hosts and vectors for spread of Campylobacter jejuni","author":"Olofsson J.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000075"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/6626888","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/japr\/6626888","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/6626888","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:10:08Z","timestamp":1773778208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/japr\/6626888"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bernard","family":"Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/japr\/6626888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/japr\/6626888","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0023","2090-0031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"6626888"}}