{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:04:12Z","timestamp":1777399452174,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":224,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017170","name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Opisthorchis viverrini<\/jats:italic>\n                    has a significant role in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a leading cause of death in northeastern Thailand. Although praziquantel (PZQ) remains the standard treatment for\n                    <jats:italic>O. viverrini<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections, its use is associated with adverse side effects, and prolonged administration may increase the risk of CCA. In response, the Thai government has been actively promoting research into alternative treatments, including the use of medicinal plants.\n                    <jats:italic>Allium sativum<\/jats:italic>\n                    Lin. (garlic) has demonstrated potent anthelmintic effects against\n                    <jats:italic>O. viverrini<\/jats:italic>\n                    adult worms in earlier studies, suggesting its potential as an alternative treatment for opisthorchiasis. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential of garlic\u2013copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) (G\u2010CuNPs) as a novel therapeutic approach for\n                    <jats:italic>O. viverrini<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections by enhancing the delivery efficiency of bioactive compounds in garlic. G\u2010CuNPs were synthesized by the ionic gelation method and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2010MS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the antiparasitic efficacy of G\u2010CuNPs against\n                    <jats:italic>O. viverrini<\/jats:italic>\n                    adult worms was evaluated through\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays (conducted in triplicate), including assessments of motility and viability rates, the tegumental alteration using SEM analysis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The result of FTIR analysis confirmed stable interactions between garlic extract and CuNPs, while GC\u2010MS identified disulfide derivatives with anti\u2010inflammatory properties as the primary compounds. SEM revealed spherical nanoparticles approximately 226.2\u2009nm in size, suitable for biological applications. Moreover, G\u2010CuNPs effectively inhibited\n                    <jats:italic>O. viverrini<\/jats:italic>\n                    adult worms\u2019 motility and caused tegumental damage to the parasites, likely due to increased ROS levels. According to these results, G\u2010CuNPs demonstrate significant potential as an alternative treatment for liver fluke infections. However, additional studies are necessary to thoroughly assess their safety, optimize drug delivery mechanisms, and explore their broader clinical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/7058749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T04:35:34Z","timestamp":1755146134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anthelmintic Activity and Pathophysiological Effect of\n                    <i>Allium sativum<\/i>\n                    Extract\u2013Based Copper Nanoparticles Against the Carcinogenic Liver Fluke,\n                    <i>Opisthorchis viverrini<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4463-0728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patpicha","family":"Arunsan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phornphitcha","family":"Pechdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sirichai","family":"Phinsiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Boonsuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chutharat","family":"Thanchonnang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nav","family":"La","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nattawut","family":"Keeratibharat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2806-2129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathkapach Kaewpitoon","family":"Rattanapitoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1615-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Schawanya Kaewpitoon","family":"Rattanapitoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8010022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Schistosomes, Liver Flukes and Helicobacter pylori","volume":"61","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","year":"1994","journal-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105853"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21893"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0971"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2169-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8070246"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5511-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652008000100007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Effects of Garlic on Albino Mice Experimentally Infected With Schistosoma mansoni: A Parasitological and Ultrastructural Study","volume":"26","author":"Nahed H. 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