{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:40:06Z","timestamp":1767354006816,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Soil\u2010transmitted helminth infection is endemic in Chad and constitutes a public health problem, particularly among school\u2010age children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic anthelmintic activity of the combined extracts of\n Khaya grandifoliola<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Faidherbia albida<\/jats:italic>\n used in Chad by traditional practitioners for the treatment of soil\u2010transmitted helminth infection.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The anthelmintic tests using combinations of\n K. grandifoliola<\/jats:italic>\n and\n F. albida<\/jats:italic>\n followed standard protocol. Combination 1 corresponding to 75%\n F. albida<\/jats:italic>\n and 25%\n K. grandifoliola<\/jats:italic>\n , Combination 2 corresponding to 50%\n F. albida<\/jats:italic>\n and 50%\n K. grandifoliola<\/jats:italic>\n , and Combination 3 corresponding to 25%\n F. albida<\/jats:italic>\n and 75%\n K. grandifoliola<\/jats:italic>\n . The nematocidal activity was assessed on\n Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n using the WMicroTracker. L3 larvae of\n H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic>\n were obtained after 7 days of coproculture, and L4 of\n C. elegans.<\/jats:italic>\n One hundred microliter concentrations of extracts, albendazole, and distilled water were brought into contact with 100\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n L of\n H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic>\n suspension in a 96\u2010well microplate incubated for 20\u2009h at 28\u00b0C in the WMicroTracker. The same procedure was adopted for\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n , but 180\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n L of OP50 and 19\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n L of\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n suspension were mixed with 1\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n L of extracts and incubated at 20\u00b0C in the WMicroTracker. The antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2\u2010diphenyl\u20101\u2010picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, iron reducing power (Frap), hydrogen peroxide (H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), and nitric oxide (NO). Cytotoxicity was tested on red blood cells. The phytochemical screening was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Standard procedures were followed to ensure accuracy and reliability. The analysis was aimed at identifying and measuring the bioactive compounds present.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Combination 2 (50%\n F. albida<\/jats:italic>\n and 50%\n K. grandifoliola<\/jats:italic>\n ) was the most promising, with an IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n of 0.26 and 0.003\u2009mg\/mL, respectively, on\n H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n . This was followed by Combination 3 with an IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n of 0.43\u2009mg\/mL for\n H. polygyrus.<\/jats:italic>\n Combination 2 and Combination 3 with percentage inhibitions of 98.61 \u00b1 0.98 and 99.14 \u00b1 0.60, respectively, for\n H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n did not show a significant difference with respect to albendazole and levamisole. Combination 2 has the capacity to reduce iron with an IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n of 2170 \u00b1 3.73\n \u2009\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL. Ascorbic acid (46.19 \u00b1 0.18\n \u2009\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL) used as a reference molecule shows a greater capacity than that of combination 2. With regard to H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , Combination 2 inhibited H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n slightly less (IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n : 0.114 \u00b1 0.02\n \u2009\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL) than ascorbic acid (IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n : 0.108 \u00b1 0.03\n \u2009\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL). As for DPPH, the combination had a moderately low scavenging activity (17.64 \u00b1 0.18\n \u2009\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL) compared with ascorbic acid, which had a good scavenging activity (7.23 \u00b1 3.73\n \u2009\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL). Combination 2 had a very weak effect on NO (IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n : 103.5\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL) compared with ascorbic acid (54.22 \u00b1 3.74\n \u2009\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n This study provides scientific evidence supporting the traditional use of combined extracts from the two plants in treating helminthiasis. However, nematodes differ in structure, composition, and physiology. Further in vivo studies are needed to understand how Combination 2 affects nematode larvae.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/7208016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:36:27Z","timestamp":1767353787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Anthelmintic, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Potential of\n Khaya grandifoliola<\/i>\n and\n Faidherbia albida<\/i>\n Extract Combinations: In Vitro Studies on\n Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/i>\n and\n Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamssi","family":"C\u00e9dric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noumedem Anangmo Christelle","family":"Nadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baigomen","family":"Christalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7084-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mounvera Abdel","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4042-6327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tako Djimefo Alex","family":"Kevin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent Khan","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6805-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","article-title":"Parasitoses Intestinales en Milieu Scolaire et D\u00e9tection de Giardia Intestinalis par PCR en Temps R\u00e9el au Burkina Faso (BF)","volume":"18","author":"Kientega T.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pour l\u2032Obtention du Master II de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Mol\u00e9culaire Appliqu\u00e9es de l\u2032Universit\u00e9 de Ouagadougou"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9504296"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","unstructured":"ZahraH. 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