{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T23:34:47Z","timestamp":1776209687411,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":331,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is an infectious disease which kills humans and animals as a result of hematological distortions, oxidative stress, tissue and neuroinflammations. This study reports on the differences in cytotoxicity, antitrypanosomal, antioxidant, and anti\u2010inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts from <jats:italic>Clausena anisata<\/jats:italic> fruit (CFE), <jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic> (neem) leaf (NLE), and stem bark (NSBE), medicinal plants used to treat HAT in its endemic communities. The extracts remarkably inhibited <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/jats:italic> (GUTat 3.1) parasite in vitro with CFE recording the highest effect with an IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 0.0055 (0.0955) <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g<jats:bold>\/<\/jats:bold>mL. The IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of the standard <jats:italic>Coptis japonicum<\/jats:italic> was 0.5957 (0.0693) <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g<jats:bold>\/<\/jats:bold>mL. Also, the antitrypanosomal activity of NLE was 123.34% higher than that of NSBE. The percentage number of wells containing viable <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic> parasites was very significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) reduced for all the extracts after 48\u2009h of incubation. Furthermore, the extracts did not show cytotoxicity against the liver (HepG2) cells (CC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s &gt; 100\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL and SI = 13.12\u201332,025.45). NSBE contained the highest quantity of phenolic compounds and flavonoids and also produced the highest antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory activity in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 4.99 \u00b1 0.018) and protein denaturation assay (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 0.1805 \u00b1 0.0002\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL). In addition, phytochemical analysis showed that NLE contained the highest number of classes of phytochemical constituents (seven) among the extracts. These results indicate that CFE, NLE, and NSBE possessed significant antitrypanosomal activity as a result of their antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory actions. However, a different mechanism was also involved in the antitrypanosomal activity of CFE and NLE, since their antitrypanosomal activity is greater than NSBE which demonstrated the highest antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory activities. Due to the remarkable antitrypanosomal action of CFE, its constituents are being isolated for possible development into novel antitrypanosomal agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/7509588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T12:05:53Z","timestamp":1732709153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Phytochemical Analysis, Cytotoxicity, and Antitrypanosomal, Antioxidant, and Anti\u2010Inflammatory Activities of <i>Clausena anisata<\/i> Fruit, <i>Azadirachta indica<\/i> Leaf, and Stem Bark Extracts"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7244-2751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Kofi","family":"Kumatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix Kwame","family":"Zoiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9360-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prince Kyei","family":"Baffour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Boakyewaa","family":"Anokye-Kumatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Asase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Trypanosomiasis human African (sleeping sickness) 2023 Key facts.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness). 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