{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:51:01Z","timestamp":1787017861443,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":283,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In developing countries such as Uganda, intestinal parasitic infections and schistosomiasis remain a serious threat to public health. Local epidemiological data are critical for the prevention and control of the disease. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of schistosomiasis and other intestinal parasite infections among rural agricultural communities in the Lango subregion, northern Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross\u2010sectional study was carried out in Lira city, Kole, and Lira district in the Lango subregion, northern Uganda, involving 438 participants aged between 5 and 85 years. Urine and stool samples were collected and examined for parasites using urine circulating cathodic antigen (POC\u2010CCA), filtration methods, and the Odongo\u2010Aginya technique. Information on sociodemographic factors and other predisposing factors to infections was obtained using questionnaires. Descriptive analyses using frequency and percentages were used to summarize the independent and dependent variables. Pearson\u2032s chi\u2010square test and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the association between\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections and risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence of parasitic infections using the Odongo\u2010Aginya method was 120\/438 (27.4%).\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the dominant parasite with 93\/438 (21.2%), and\n                      <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2.5%),\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba complex<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.9%),\n                      <jats:italic>hookworms<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.7%), and\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobius vermicularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Diphyllobothrium latum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.5%), respectively, and\n                      <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Fasciola hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Paragonimus westermani<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Trichostrongylus ova<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.2%).\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      was not detected in the study. There were light, moderate, and heavy infections with\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      among the participants with 66 (72%), 24 (26%), and 2 (2.2%), respectively. According to multivariable logistic regression analysis, participant age (AOR = 1.448, 95% CI: 1.207\u20131.737,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and subcounty location (AOR = 1.837, 95% CI: 1.274\u20132.650,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) were significantly associated with\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study reveals that\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections are still highly prevalent in Lango subregion, with age and subcounty location as major risk factors. The findings highlight an ongoing public health challenge, particularly among high\u2010risk age groups and in specific localities. Targeted interventions, such as sustained mass drug administration of at\u2010risk population groups and locations, improved access to safe drinking water, and community health education, are essential to reduce infection rates and improve overall well\u2010being in affected areas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/8867072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:04:27Z","timestamp":1760169867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence, Intensity, and Risk Factors of\n                    <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                    and Other Intestinal Parasites: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study in Rural Agricultural Communities of Lango Subregion, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6288-0208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Paul","family":"Byagamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4246-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Opiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0946-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Nyafwono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6551-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey Maxwell","family":"Malinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1979-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Echodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Igwaro","family":"Odongo-Aginya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0370-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012598"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2016.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0158-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00816-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008995"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4499-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","volume-title":"WHO Guideline on Control and Elimination of Human Schistosomiasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009486"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","unstructured":"NjokuJ. C. Epidemiological Study of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Apparently Healthy and HIV- Infected Females in Jos Plateau State Nigeria 2014 PhD diss. University Jos."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","volume-title":"Understanding Wetlands Reclamation and Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Schistosomiasis Incidence Patterns in Rwanda (2001-2012)","author":"Nyandwi E.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-8091-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2014\/9600"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010570"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v8i4.7081"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3803-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Reassessment of Helminth Infections in Gulu Municipality Nothern Uganda After the Twenty Years of Insurgency: Using Three Diagonostic Methods to Compare Their Sensitivity","volume":"90","author":"Katungi A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (Uganda) Uganda Master Plan for National Neglected Tropical Diseases Programmes 2017\u20132022 2017 Vector Control Division Ministry of Health."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123673"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.08.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s002193201400011x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001640"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"The Circumstantial Epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium in Lango District, Uganda","volume":"44","author":"Bradley D. J.","year":"1967","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1269-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3481-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00925-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012324"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_2","unstructured":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics National Population and Housing Census 2014: Area Specific Profiles \u2013 Lira District 2017 Uganda Bureau of Statistics https:\/\/www.ubos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/publications\/2014CensusProfiles\/LIRA.pdf (accessed 04 October 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2021BAMSStateoftheClimate.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_2","unstructured":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) National Population and Housing Census 2014: Area Specific Profiles \u2013 Lira District 2017 Uganda Bureau of Statistics https:\/\/www.ubos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/publications\/2014CensusProfiles\/LIRA.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2532527"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v7i1.6988"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.5.766"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(98)91101-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_2","unstructured":"WHO Expert Committee Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series No. 912 2002 World Health Organization https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-TRS-912."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19127\/mbsjohs.704456"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53519-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0391"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002268"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070858"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17565529.2014.998603"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007617"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101462"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010181"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006520"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_2","first-page":"621","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases: Progress Report, 2021","volume":"97","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2022","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record = (Relev\u00e9 \u00c9pid\u00e9miologique Hebdomadaire)"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011605"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288936"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0766-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SangH. C. MuchiriG. OmbokM. OdiereM. R. andMwinziP. N. M. M. Schistosoma HaematobiumHotspots in South Nyanza Western Kenya: Prevalence Distribution and Co-Endemicity WithSchistosoma Mansoniand Soil-Transmitted Helminths 2014 7 no. 1 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-7-125 2-s2.0-84899073337.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-125"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4770-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.13.25322200"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/8867072","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/japr\/8867072","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/8867072","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:11:14Z","timestamp":1773778274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/japr\/8867072"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lizandra Guidi","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/japr\/8867072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/japr\/8867072","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0023","2090-0031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8867072"}}