{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T01:40:06Z","timestamp":1793497206574,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":140,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with diverse clinical forms, heterogeneous geographical distribution, and persistent diagnostic and treatment challenges. Although substantial primary research exists, evidence remains fragmented, limiting integrated and context\u2010specific control strategies. This scoping review synthesizes global evidence on disease distribution, diagnostic performance, and treatment outcomes, and identifies critical evidence gaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Arksey and O\u2032Malley framework and PRISMA\u2010ScR guidelines. Four electronic databases were searched for studies published between January 2000 and January 2026. Data were synthesized narratively. A total of 118 studies were included in the review, of which 75 were analyzed to assess the geographical distribution of Leishmaniasis, while the remaining 43 studies were used to evaluate diagnostic tools and treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy\u2010five studies from 53 countries were included. Cutaneous leishmaniasis was reported in 58 studies (77.3%) and was the most geographically widespread form, whereas visceral leishmaniasis was reported in 26 studies (34.7%) and showed marked focality, particularly in East Africa, South Asia, and Brazil. Molecular diagnostics demonstrated superior performance, with PCR and qPCR sensitivities ranging from 89% to 100% and specificities from 57% to 100%, depending on target gene and sample type. Loop\u2010mediated isothermal amplification showed sensitivities of 89.7%\u201395% and specificities of 63.6%\u2013100%. In contrast, microscopy showed lower sensitivity (32.8%\u201380.8% for cutaneous and 44%\u201367% for visceral leishmaniasis) but high specificity (&gt;\u200995%). Serological tests and rapid diagnostic tests performed well for visceral leishmaniasis, with rK39\u2010based assays showing sensitivities of 78\u201396.4% and specificities of 93%\u201397%, and direct agglutination tests achieving sensitivities of 97.3%\u201399.1% and specificities of 97.5%\u201398.8%. Fewer than one\u2010third of studies evaluated operational feasibility. Liposomal amphotericin B achieved the highest cure rates for visceral leishmaniasis, whereas antimonials remained the most frequently used treatment for cutaneous disease. Relapse was predominantly reported in visceral leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leishmaniasis exhibits substantial global heterogeneity, with molecular diagnostics offering high analytical accuracy but limited real\u2010world deployment. Addressing operational constraints and integrating emerging technologies are critical priorities for strengthening global leishmaniasis control. Molecular and antigen\u2010based diagnostics offer improved accuracy but remain underutilized in resource\u2010limited settings. Effective treatment is complicated by toxicity, cost, and relapse. Expanding diagnostic capacity, optimizing treatment protocols, and strengthening surveillance systems are critical for effective global leishmaniasis control and elimination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/8882865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:29:36Z","timestamp":1779352176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evidence Gaps and Global Patterns in Leishmaniasis Control: A Scoping Review of Clinical, Diagnostic, and Treatment Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8416-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhi-deen Wonwana","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8887-4192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yussif Owusu","family":"Aboagye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akwasi","family":"Anyanful","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2568-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Kyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwame Kumi","family":"Asare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03240-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005660","article-title":"Phlebotomine Sand Fly\u2013Borne Pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human Leishmaniasis and Phlebovirus Infections","volume":"11","author":"Moriconi M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.685296"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","first-page":"371","article-title":"Clinical and Immunopathological Aspects of Cutaneous, Mucocutaneous, Visceral, and Post-Kala-Azar Leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed Al Sulivany B. S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0408"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07139-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","volume-title":"Target Product Profile for a Diagnostic Test to Confirm Visceral Leishmaniasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","volume-title":"Global Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases 2023","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02165"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-68997-0","volume-title":"Social Work With Populations Vulnerable to Neglected Tropical Diseases: Evidence and Insights From India","author":"Jabir M.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009405","article-title":"Diagnosing Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Neglected Tropical Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Bharadwaj M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmac134"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225259"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00726-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101887"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10856-w","article-title":"Recent Advances and New Strategies on Leishmaniasis Treatment","volume":"104","author":"Roatt B. M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012735"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00353-5","article-title":"The Status of Combination Therapy for Visceral Leishmaniasis An Updated Review","volume":"24","author":"van Griensven J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.837460"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.01.012","article-title":"Drug Resistance in Leishmania: Does It Really Matter?","volume":"39","author":"Domagalska M. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract15040077"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9110258"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22050812"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2024.1451149"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100906"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/K3BMG"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201658029","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, 2007\u20132013","volume":"58","author":"Araujo A. D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-9946201658071"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012409"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28139-5","article-title":"Epidemiological, Clinical and Hematological Profiles of Visceral Leishmaniasis Among Patients Visiting Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia: A 4 Year Retrospective Study","volume":"13","author":"Debash H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008507"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008254"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.765684"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2024-003131"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189535"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189725"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.249124","article-title":"Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"84","author":"Iqbal W.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.40.3.475-479.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2601.181851"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traf077"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009223"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2024.51","article-title":"Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Treatment Outcomes of Leishmaniasis in Qatar: A Retrospective Study","volume":"2024","author":"Abukhattab M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qatar Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0033"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11229-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004728"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1558-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0155"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2023.263"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030309"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijph.v53i11.16962"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010271"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005261"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2019.e00129"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2019.e00091"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(16)61130-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00285-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S401618"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2018.56.3.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_16_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/14439"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007724"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005873"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1441576"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08532-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031656"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009416"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004834.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009288"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06631-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.82.5.381"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3634-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hch127"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012323"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-016-0481-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030205"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02198-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9278931"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3901-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14677"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/mst.2017.0722"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10716-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.180239"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110302834"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2405.180019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0234"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03701.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12065"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01204-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5296\/jbls.v8i1.10793","article-title":"Epidemiological and Serological Study of Leishmaniasis in Najran Region Saudi Arabia","volume":"8","author":"Mokhtar I.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Biology and Life Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005141"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000565"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2647-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-2999-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000705"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.TP_1_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-153"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008246"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001280"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001946"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjms.v12i3.13189"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00386-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-018-0449-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01246-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2754"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4084\/MJHID.2022.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01780-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-016-0732-7","article-title":"Exclusive Primary Lesion of Oral Leishmaniasis With Immunohistochemical Diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Almeida T. F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Head and Neck Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2005.270","article-title":"Diagnosis Oral Leishmaniasis","volume":"25","author":"Azizi T.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Saudi Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20197929"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006277"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.4.1435-1439.2006","article-title":"Comparison of PCR Assays for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"44","author":"Bensoussan E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2017.9.21025","article-title":"Detection and Identification of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Isolates by Culture, Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequence Analyses in Syrian and Central Anatolia Patients","volume":"38","author":"Beyhan Y. E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011745","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of qPCR and Microscopy for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Rural Ecuador: A Bayesian Latent Class Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Bezemer J. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02457-10","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of Filter Paper Lesion Impression PCR for Secondarily Infected Ulcers and Nonulcerative Lesions Caused by Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"49","author":"Boggild A. K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-9946201759038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702007000100023","article-title":"Comparison of Conventional Methods for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children of the Center-West Region of Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Brustoloni Y. M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02297-05","article-title":"Comparison of New Diagnostic Tools for Management of Pediatric Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"44","author":"Cruz I.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0052-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04338-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185606","article-title":"Real-Time PCR in Detection and Quantitation of Leishmania Donovani for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients and the Monitoring of their Response to Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Hossain F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0132-2015","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction-based method for the identification of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in mucosal tissues conserved in paraffin","volume":"48","author":"Prestes S. R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.9.2.370-373.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003699"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005706"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012078","article-title":"Leishmania Blood Parasite Dynamics During and After Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa A Pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic Model","volume":"18","author":"Verrest L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007423","article-title":"Associated-Risk Determinants for Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Treated With Meglumine Antimoniate A Cohort Study in Iran","volume":"13","author":"Aflatoonian M. R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omaa064"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201759012","article-title":"Epidemiological Aspects of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in an Endemic Area of Forest Extractivist Culture in Western Brazilian Amazonia","volume":"59","author":"Brilhante A. F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323990"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2020.98","article-title":"Comparison of Three Different Therapies for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Identification of the Etiologic Isolates in Isfahan Iran","volume":"23","author":"Abdellahi L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002611"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.60553","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of Intravenous Sodium Stibogluconate Alone and in Combinations With Allopurinol, Rifampicin, and an Immunomodulator in the Treatment of Indian Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"76","author":"Ramesh V.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.51253\/pafmj.v71i1.3187","article-title":"Comparison of Oral Chloroquine With Systemic Meglumine Antimoniate in Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"71","author":"Farooq M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8090430"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13111082"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abm1732"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2020-0045","article-title":"Operational Measurement of Diagnostic Safety State of the Science","volume":"8","author":"Singh H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1455738"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70250-0","article-title":"Diagnostic Point-of-Care Tests in Resource-Limited Settings","volume":"14","author":"Drain P. K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SD00304C","article-title":"Democratizing Nucleic Acid-Based Molecular Diagnostic Tests for Infectious Diseases at Resource-Limited Settings\u2013From Point of Care to Extreme Point of Care","volume":"3","author":"Chakraborty S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors Diagnostics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-024-00762-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126374"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00329-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01540-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10331-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/8882865","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/japr\/8882865","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/8882865","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:29:45Z","timestamp":1779352185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/japr\/8882865"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/japr\/8882865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/japr\/8882865","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0023","2090-0031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8882865"}}