{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:29:28Z","timestamp":1767421768419,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019734","name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KEMRI\/IRG\/166\/6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEMRI\/IRG\/166\/6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Freshwater pulmonate snails are prevalent across Kenya and act as intermediate hosts for trematode parasites, some of which are snail vectors for human schistosomiasis. Chemical molluscicides have rarely been used routinely in Kenya to control snails due to high costs of manufacture and the subsequent environmental concerns associated with their use. This study tested extracts from green tea and purple tea plants,\n                    <jats:italic>Camellia sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which are widely grown in Kenyan highland areas, against\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria pfeifferi,<\/jats:italic>\n                    the obligate intermediate host for\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Snails were exposed to five different concentrations of tea extracts (10, 20, 50, 100, and 150\u2009ppm). All quantitative data analyses were done in R Version 4.4.0. Analysis by LCMS showed that the compounds present in the extracts were epicatechin, epigallocatechin, caffeine (the highest concentration of the compounds), theobromine, and assamsaponin C. The compounds identified by GCMS were hexadecanoic acid, caffeine, octadecenoic acid\u2010methyl, and octadec\u20101\u2010ene. The crude extracts from the Kenyan tea plant\n                    <jats:italic>Camellia sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (both green and purple tea) induced mortality of the\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Therefore, they can be explored as alternative plant\u2010based molluscicides against the vector snails of\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/9932058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:24:22Z","timestamp":1767421462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molluscicidal Activity of\n                    <i>Camellia Sinensis<\/i>\n                    (Green Tea) and\n                    <i>Camellia sinensis<\/i>\n                    var. Assamica (Purple Tea) Extracts Against\n                    <i>Biomphalaria pfeifferi,<\/i>\n                    the Major Vector Snail of Human Schistosomiasis in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1111-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nickson","family":"Samoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7459-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Nyangacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-0892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amos","family":"Mbugua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9168-5476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9369-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles K.","family":"Syengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6250-5555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Laidemitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2215-2980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Mutuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1268998"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases: Progress Report 2023 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-WER9948-707-717."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235521"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70099-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-74"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2014.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0414-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12060541"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","first-page":"50","article-title":"Plants as Molluscicides: A Recent Update","volume":"4","author":"Kashyap S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Botany Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41348-021-00484-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJEST12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29112487"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-27668-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2013.789536"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46652012000300004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-220"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","article-title":"Molluscicidal Effect Comparison Between TDS and MNSC in Field","volume":"26","author":"Han-Cheng L. I.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12816\/0010859"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202020200715"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","article-title":"Leaf Power Unleashed: Exploring The Molluscicidal Potential of Antigonon Leptopus Against Bellamya Bengalensis and Lamilidens marginalis Snails","volume":"36","author":"De D. K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Namibian Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5352\/JLS.2011.21.2.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","unstructured":"HasimotoM. The Origin of the Tea Plant Proceedings of 2001 International Conference on O\u2013Cha (Tea) Culture and Science (Session II) 2001 Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly - JIRCAS 5\u20138 https:\/\/www.jircas.go.jp\/en\/publication\/jarq\/19\/1\/40."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155369"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-09-20-1945-FE"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","unstructured":"OthienoC. O. Agronomic Practices for Higher Tea Productivity in Kenya Proceedings of the International Senimar on Integrated Management in Tea: Towards higher productivity 1994 79\u201385 https:\/\/www.ipipotash.org\/uploads\/udocs\/integrated_crop_management_in_tea_towards_higher_productivity.pdf#page=69."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5376\/tgmb.2024.14.0025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14092080"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Analysis of Links Between Climate Variables and Tea Production in the Recent Past in Kenya","volume":"2","author":"Cheserek B. C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Donnish Journal of Research in Environmental Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1961.11686043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trae115"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5338\/KJEA.2023.42.4.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0548-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","first-page":"125","article-title":"Field Evaluation of a Novel Plant Molluscicide\" Luo-Wei\" Against Oncomelania hupensis I Molluscicidal Effect by the Spraying Method in Lake and Marshland Regions","volume":"25","author":"Jia T.-W.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi= Chinese Journal of SchistosomiasisControl"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","unstructured":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing 2024 https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1952.10483441"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1501500117"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1964.10490181"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07288-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28196807"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9080223"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2018.20446"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3967\/0895-3988.2012.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4432"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2020.1798891"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sci3040044"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086937"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12030204"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02324-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2024.116139"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153626"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55040110"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/9932058","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:24:29Z","timestamp":1767421469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/japr\/9932058"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hudson","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/japr\/9932058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/japr\/9932058","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0023","2090-0031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9932058"}}