{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:36:59Z","timestamp":1773790619116,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":226,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bat guano may contain zoonotic parasites that contaminate the environment and\/or serve as a potential source of infection to humans and animals. Repeated bat\u2013human exposure could be a risk factor for zoonosis. To date, knowledge on the status of bat gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) in Uganda is limited. We conducted a cross\u2010sectional study to investigate the prevalence of bat GIP species in communities contiguous to Semuliki National Park (SNP), Bundibugyo district in western Uganda. We purposively collected faecal samples of micro\u2010 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 242) and megabats (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 242) from bat roosts in communities contiguous to SNP during the rainy months of October to December 2023 and the dry months of January to March 2024. Standard faecal floatation and sedimentation techniques were used for laboratory examination. Microscopic examination revealed that 224 (46%) samples tested positive for more than one parasite species. Thirteen GIPs, including protozoa (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3), trematode (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1), cestode (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1) and nematodes (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 8), were detected. The most prevalent parasites were\n                    <jats:italic>Entamoeba coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (57%), hookworm (33%),\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. (33%) and\n                    <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (32%), and the least prevalent were the two unidentified nematodes (1%). Seventy\u2010seven percent (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 10) of the detected GIPs are responsible for zoonosis and are of significant public health importance. Statistically, there was a significant difference (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) in the overall parasite prevalence across the four studied bat groups. Also, parasite prevalence was significantly higher in microbats compared to megabats (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) and in Burondo subcounty compared to Ntandi town council (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05), though seasonality did not have a significant impact. The detected zoonotic parasites pose a potential source of zoonosis in communities contiguous to the conservation area of SNP, Uganda. This calls for awareness creation on the risks of bat\u2010mediated zoonotic parasitosis and the use of good sanitary practices to prevent chances of zoonotic parasite spillover from bats to humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/9972163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T05:05:10Z","timestamp":1755320710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastrointestinal Parasites of Zoonotic Importance Detected in Bats in the Conservation Area of Semuliki National Park, Western Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0765-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Robert","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3160-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles Drago","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7024-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Joseph M.","family":"Kisakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","volume-title":"The Role of Abiotic and Biotic Factors in Infection Outcomes","author":"Pike V.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192895561.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","volume-title":"Veterinary Parasitology","author":"Taylor M. A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511754920.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2352-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_2","volume-title":"Conditions Facilitating a \u2018Landscape of Fear From Disease\u2019 in African Forest Mammals BT-Movement Ecology of Afrotropical Forest Mammals","author":"Bonnell T. R.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25220-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2004)085<0015:CIIB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8880033"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_2","unstructured":"Vi\u00e9J.-C. Hilton-TaylorC. PollockC. RagleJ. SmartJ. StuartS. N. andTongR. The IUCN Red List: A Key Conservation Tool Wildlife in a changing world\u2013An analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 IUCN."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2982\/0012-8317(1996)85[49:ootdae]2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_2","unstructured":"KatoC. D. NalukengeL. OchiengJ. R. AtuhairweA. J. MatovuB. andNaluwaggaF. Development of a Participatory Community- Based Bat-Human Interaction Monitoring Program in Bundibugyo District Uganda. A Phase 1 Report From STOP Spillover Reporting Period: October 2022 to February 2023 2023. [Online]. Available:https:\/\/stopspillover.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-08\/Developmentofaparticipatorycommunity-basedbat-humaninteraction-Uganda_APhaseIreport-508.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.520"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_2","volume-title":"Colour Atlas of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology","author":"Wallace P.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_2","unstructured":"Minister of Health Uganda Uganda Clinical Guidelines 2023 National Guidelines for Management of Common Health Conditions 2023 https:\/\/library.health.go.ug\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/Uganda%2520Clinical%2520Guidelines%25202023.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_2","unstructured":"WHO Uganda Country and Office Uganda Discharges All Eight Ebola Disease Patients 2025 [Online]. Available:https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/countries\/uganda\/news\/uganda-discharges-all-eight-ebola-disease-patients."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_2","unstructured":"HAN Ebola Outbreak Caused by Sudan Virus in Uganda 2025. [Online]. Available:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/han\/2025\/han00521.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002877"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00380527"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ari.v1i1.40742"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3937.3.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4654-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_2","volume-title":"Helminth Fauna of Bats in Japan XXVII","author":"Sawada I.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(98)00013-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1967.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3285785"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_2","volume-title":"Introduction to Animal Parasitology","author":"Smyth J. D.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_2","volume-title":"Nature Conservation in Uganda\u2019s Tropical Forest Reserves","author":"Howard P. C.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00306525.2000.9639870"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-36025-4_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118280249"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7537\/marsnsj140716.15.Key"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2005)031[0199:ORAEWA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22044-0_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OchiengJ. R. KatoC. D. andKisakyeJ. J. M. Gastrointestinal Parasites of Zoonotic Importance Detected in Bats in the Conservation Area of Semuliki National Park Western Uganda 2025 medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.04.10.25325607.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6424431\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011002046"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2022.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_2","volume-title":"Common Parasites of Fruit-Eating Bats in Southern Ghana","author":"Nartey N. A. N.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_2","volume-title":"Modern Parasitology: A Textbook of Parasitology","author":"Cox F. E. G.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2015.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.212.11.1714"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09162-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cox030"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0128"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003354628-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/9972163","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/japr\/9972163","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/9972163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:10:40Z","timestamp":1773778240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/japr\/9972163"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bernard","family":"Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/japr\/9972163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/japr\/9972163","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0023","2090-0031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9972163"}}