{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T09:51:54Z","timestamp":1781949114975,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":170,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005243","name":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-423 RG\/BIO\/AS_1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-423 RG\/BIO\/AS_1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Canine dirofilariasis is caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a type of filarial parasite that can also infect humans and is becoming a growing concern in Sri Lanka. Previous studies have noted that Sri Lanka has some of the highest numbers of dirofilariasis cases in Asia. This study was aimed at detecting\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria\u2014which are found inside\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites\u2014using molecular methods and also at identifying which\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    species are present in dogs in the Colombo District, Sri Lanka. Blood was collected from 368 dogs of various breeds between May and December 2025. Of these, only 35 samples (9.51%) tested positive for microfilaria using a microscope. These samples were then analyzed using DNA extraction and PCR with both general\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    and species\u2010specific primers. At the same time, samples were also screened for\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a bacterium that is important for\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    survival and reproduction, using\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010specific primers (wsp). Of the 35 microfilaria\u2010positive samples, 18 (51.43%) were positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and of those 18, only three (16.67%) were positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Among the\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010positive samples, one (5.56%) was identified as\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 11 (61.11%) as\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria repens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and three (16.67%) as\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; a few samples did not match any of the species\u2010specific primers. The PCR products for both\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    were verified by gel electrophoresis and sequencing. The sequence results showed the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>D. asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    in dogs. Importantly, this is the first molecular evidence of\n                    <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Sri Lanka and the first molecular identification of\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    species in the country. The study also found that both\n                    <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    can infect the same dog. These findings provide new information about canine dirofilariasis in Sri Lanka and highlight the need for\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010targeted parasite control and accurate molecular diagnosis to guide treatment and control efforts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/9996613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T09:37:28Z","timestamp":1781948248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Characterization of\n                    <i>Wolbachia<\/i>\n                    Endosymbionts and Their Association With Canine Dirofilariasis in Colombo District, Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1575-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neyon","family":"Loku Gamage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2016-2803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koshila","family":"Ranasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3203-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasana","family":"Rodrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29374\/2527-2179.bjvm001723"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01099.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08206-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03159-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000007149"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004233"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100625"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-022-06024-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2025.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/ijmpes.3127"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9775\/kvfd.2023.30356"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08481-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138955706775475984"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-4758(99)01533-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0591"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)60004-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0324"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v50i2.1570"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/sljid.v15i2.8740"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","first-page":"112","article-title":"Molecular Identification of Wolbachia in Dirofilaria Species in Sri Lanka Using wsp Gene Amplification","volume":"7","author":"Nayomi D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814112-0.00005-2","volume-title":"Canine Parasites and Parasitic Diseases","author":"Saari S.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bio.2015.0064"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.361165"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/bm.2013.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.084954"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-022-00543-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"A Case Study of Human Infection With Dirofilaria repens. Clinical Presentation and Aspects of Transmission","volume":"9","author":"Wijetilake S. E.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Kandy Society of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4017(02)00032-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000067615"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2174-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62476-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2055-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-03921-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00196"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100148"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04185-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Understanding Pulmonary Pathology","author":"Kradin R. L.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1997.00157.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13110950"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-838220110002000046"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68925-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2014.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2024.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.102927"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/sljs.v36i1.8480"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/9996613","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/japr\/9996613","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/japr\/9996613","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T09:37:30Z","timestamp":1781948250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/japr\/9996613"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Satabdi","family":"Datta Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/japr\/9996613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/japr\/9996613","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0023","2090-0031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9996613"}}