{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:23:43Z","timestamp":1773789823395,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":215,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aging Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Diabetes mellitus is linked to progressive cognitive decline and motor impairments, especially among the aging population, highlighting the importance of early detection through reliable neuronal biomarkers. Proteins such as neurofilament light chain (NFL), neurogranin (Ng), and visinin\u2010like protein 1 (VILIP\u20101) have emerged as indicators of neurodegeneration and associated behavioral changes. This study examined the effects of combined endurance and resistance exercise, along with ursolic acid (UA) supplementation, on hippocampal neuronal biomarkers and exploratory\u2010locomotor behavior in aged diabetic rats.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In this experiment, 21\u2010month\u2010old male Wistar rats were assigned to seven groups. Diabetes was induced using a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (30\u2009mg\/kg) in combination with a high\u2010fat diet (55% fat, 31% carbohydrate, and 14% protein). Interventions included endurance training (60%\u201375% vVO\n                    <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), resistance training (60% MVCC), and daily oral UA administration (250\u2009mg\/kg) over eight weeks. Neuronal biomarkers (NFL, Ng, and VILIP\u20101) were measured in hippocampal tissue via western blot, and exploratory and locomotor behavior was assessed using the open\u2010field test.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The results showed that UA supplementation combined with resistance training significantly reduced the levels of neuronal biomarkers NFL (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001), Ng (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.01), and VILIP\u20101 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) in diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic controls.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The study demonstrated that diabetes leads to a marked elevation in NFL, Ng, and VILIP\u20101 protein levels, while a combined intervention of exercise and UA mitigated neurodegenerative changes and improved exploratory\u2010locomotor outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jare\/9916781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T09:49:19Z","timestamp":1754300959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined Exercise and Ursolic Acid Improve Hippocampal Neuronal Markers and Exploratory\u2010Locomotor Behavior in Aged Diabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0275-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safoura","family":"Alizade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8679-0669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas Ali","family":"Gaeini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3467-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Faramarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814833-4.00004-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-018-0190-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00211-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00043-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161192"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120708281"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2018.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","volume-title":"Beyond Amyloid and Tau: A Role for Neural Injury and Gliosis in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","author":"Merluzzi A. 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