{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:14:46Z","timestamp":1787890486208,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":266,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMH21BA1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMH21BA1001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19K20536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K20536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21J01171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21J01171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K17301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K17301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23H03638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23H03638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014475","name":"Pfizer Health Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012319","name":"National Center for Global Health and Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19A06 22A02, 25A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19A06 22A02, 25A01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study is aimed at examining the associations of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking with insulin secretion and resistance and the effect modification by body mass index (BMI) in middle\u2010aged men without a history of diabetes in rural Vietnam.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The study included data from 1102 men without diabetes, aged between 40 and 60 years, who participated in the Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a Cardiovascular Study conducted between June 2019 and 2020. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure insulin and plasma glucose. Alcohol consumption was categorized as no consumers or consumers (&lt;\u20091, 1\u20131.9, and \u2265\u20092 standard drinks per day). Smoking was categorized as never, former, and current smokers (\u2264\u200910 or \u2265\u200911 cigarettes per day). The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) was used to assess insulin secretion (HOMA\u2010beta) and insulin resistance (HOMA\u2010IR). A multilevel linear regression model was used to examine the associations of alcohol consumption and smoking with HOMA\u2010beta and HOMA\u2010IR. Effect modification by BMI was tested using the likelihood ratio test, and a set of stratified analyses according to BMI (23\u2009kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) was performed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Alcohol consumption showed a dose\u2013response association with low HOMA\u2010beta in both the unadjusted and BMI\u2010adjusted models. Cigarette smoking was not associated with HOMA\u2010beta in either the unadjusted or BMI\u2010adjusted models. Alcohol consumption was not associated with HOMA\u2010IR when BMI was unadjusted, but the highest alcohol consumer group showed a significantly lower HOMA\u2010IR after adjustment for BMI. Current smoking was significantly associated with lower HOMA\u2010IR when BMI was unadjusted, which association became marginally significant after adjusting for BMI.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Alcohol consumption was associated with reduced insulin secretion. Smoking was marginally associated with lower insulin resistance, potentially mediated by low BMI. Longitudinal studies are required to explore the mechanisms underlying the association between alcohol consumption, smoking, and glucose metabolism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jdr\/1068375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:09:31Z","timestamp":1758708571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations Between Alcohol Consumption and Cigarette Smoking and Insulin Secretion and Resistance in Vietnamese Men Without a History of Diabetes: A Cross\u2010Sectional 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