{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:36:29Z","timestamp":1773794189569,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":347,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insomnia is common in patients with Type 2 diabetes and can negatively affect glycemic control. However, the effect of hypnotic use on glycemic variability remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the association between hypnotic use and glycemic variability in patients with Type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study enrolled patients with Type 2 diabetes who underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) between June 1, 2017, and February 28, 2022. Patients were classified into six groups based on their insomnia status and hypnotic use: noninsomnia, hypnotic nonusers, benzodiazepine (BZD) users, nonbenzodiazepine (non\u2010BZD) users, orexin receptor antagonist (ORA) users, and melatonin receptor agonist (MRA) users. We used the standard deviation (SD) of glucose, the coefficient of variation (CV) of glucose, and the mean of daily difference (MODD) as indicators of glycemic variability. The independent association between hypnotic use and glycemic variability was assessed using a multiple linear regression model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 534 patients were included in the analysis (mean age: 67.7 \u00b1 10.1\u2009years old; mean diabetes duration: 14.5 \u00b1 8.4\u2009years). Thirty\u2010seven patients (6.9%) used hypnotics, including BZD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 13), non\u2010BZD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10), ORA (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 11), and MRA (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3). The SD was significantly higher in non\u2010BZD users (53.6\u2009mg\/dL, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 42.9\u201364.3) than in the noninsomnia group (40.5\u2009mg\/dL, 95% CI: 39.5\u201341.5). MODD was also significantly higher in non\u2010BZD users (50.1\u2009mg\/dL, 95% CI: 38.0\u201362.1) than in the noninsomnia group (35.6\u2009mg\/dL, 95% CI: 34.5\u201336.7). In contrast, the CV was not significantly different between non\u2010BZD users and the noninsomnia group. When analyzed separately for different times of the day, the nocturnal CV was significantly higher in non\u2010BZD users than in the noninsomnia group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of non\u2010BZDs was associated with within\u2010day and between\u2010day glycemic variability measured by CGM in patients with Type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jdr\/1748628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T07:24:36Z","timestamp":1765783476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Hypnotics and Glycemic Variability Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring Under Real\u2010Life Conditions in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6073-8522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taichi","family":"Muramatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9966-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miku","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8976-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Yamamuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7510-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikan","family":"Yamanouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9624-3507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saaya","family":"Fujisaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-7487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akifumi","family":"Kushiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5099-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takako","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1600"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109940"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2015.39.4.273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S110121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-015-0233-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12607"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26929"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(01)00110-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00720-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01379-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcte.2018.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-0665-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/cd17-0130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-002032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01085-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci23-0037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1769"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(02)00007-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26976"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12263"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Sleep 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