{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:31:33Z","timestamp":1787164293405,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":59,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Face\u2010to\u2010face diabetic interventions (FFIs) are the gold standard for diabetic care, and smartphone application (app)\u2013based self\u2010management interventions (SBIs) can be a potential alternative. A few previous reviews compared the effects of both practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study is aimed at (1) comparing the effectiveness of FFIs and SBIs on maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and (2) exploring potential covariates affecting those outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to January 15, 2024. Meta\u2010analyses, subgroup analyses, and metaregression analyses were conducted using the\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    software package\n                    <jats:italic>meta<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Version 4.3.1. Cochrane risk of bias Version 2 (RoB2) and grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) criteria were employed to appraise the quality of studies and certainty of outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We selected 15 RCTs from 2505 women with GDM across 11 countries for this review. The meta\u2010analyses revealed that women in the SBIs can significantly reduce gestation weight gain (\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    = \u22122.45,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.04) and macrosomia (\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    = \u22123.35,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.02) when compared to those in the FFIs. We observed a higher likelihood of cesarean delivery when using generic apps (RR = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59, 2.13) than GDM\u2010specific apps (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.64, 1.06). There was similar fasting plasma glucose, 2\u2010h postprandial plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), cesarean section delivery rate, neonatal birthweight, large for gestational age, neonatal hypoglycemia, and neonatal intensive care unit admission between SBIs and FFIs. More than half (52%) were rated low risk based on RoB2. According to the GRADE criteria, very low to moderate evidence was found.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    SBIs can be considered an alternative management method for women with GDM to reap the benefits of smartphone apps. More high\u2010quality RCTs are required to reaffirm the findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jdr\/4422330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T05:28:52Z","timestamp":1741757332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effect of Smartphone Application\u2013Based Self\u2010Management Interventions Compared to Face\u2010to\u2010Face Diabetic Interventions for Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2732-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thet Nu","family":"Khin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1978-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen Wei","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8289-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196105252642104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5768"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2019.0259"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.919985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/14486"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-41"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277330"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04274-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0346"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.819697"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2021.102995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14348"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","volume-title":"Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","first-page":"1251","article-title":"The social cognitive theory with diabetes: Discussion","volume":"12","author":"Thojampa S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Caring Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-14-66"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.8834"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296820965577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.8998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968221094626"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2023.2245906"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003583"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-20-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (updated August 2024)","author":"JPT H.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","volume-title":"GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. 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