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Among the most challenging of these complications are cognitive impairments and diabetic neuropathies, which are neurodegenerative conditions that significantly diminish the quality of life in the diabetic population. Beyond its well\u2010established benefits for improving glycemic control and preventing cardiovascular complications, physical exercise has also been shown to mitigate central and peripheral neurodegenerative complications of diabetes, including cognitive decline, peripheral neuropathies, and autonomic neuropathies. Emerging research suggests that fibronectin type III domain\u2010containing protein 5 (FNDC5), later converted into irisin, an exercise\u2010induced myokine, plays a key role in mediating these protective effects. This narrative review thoroughly examines the protective impact of various forms of physical exercise\u2014including aerobic, resistance, and multimodal training\u2014on diabetic neuropathies and cognitive decline, while also exploring the involvement of FNDC5\/irisin in these beneficial outcomes across experimental animal studies, cross\u2010sectional analyses, and controlled trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jdr\/5552311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T08:37:31Z","timestamp":1771403851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protective Role of Physical Exercise and Exercise\u2010Induced FNDC5\/Irisin in Combating Diabetes\u2010Related Cognitive Impairment and Autonomic and Peripheral Neuropathies: A Comprehensive 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