{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:56:17Z","timestamp":1777863377575,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":118,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic patients require long\u2010term polypharmacy, yet the causal effects of these medications on ocular complications\u2014specifically diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic maculopathy (DMac), and glaucoma\u2014remain unclear due to confounding in observational studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) study using GWAS summary statistics for 23 common medication classes and five diabetic eye diseases. Multivariable MR (MVMR) was employed to adjust for key comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, type 2 diabetes), while enrichment analyses explored biological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the univariable MR (UVMR) analysis, drugs used in diabetes, agents acting on the renin\u2013angiotensin system, and several other medication classes showed significant associations with increased risks of diabetic eye diseases. Crucially, MVMR confirmed robust causal links after adjusting for key comorbidities. Specifically, drugs used in diabetes remained associated with DMac (OR\u2009=\u20091.44,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.31 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u221211<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), DR (OR\u2009=\u20091.23,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.26 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), neovascular glaucoma (OR\u2009=\u20091.19,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003), and senile cataract (OR\u2009=\u20091.10,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 9.25 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u221212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) independent of type 2 diabetes liability. Similarly, thyroid preparations retained significance for DMac (OR\u2009=\u20091.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4.35 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), DR (OR\u2009=\u20091.17,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 9.53 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), and senile cataract (OR\u2009=\u20091.04,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004) after adjusting for hypothyroidism. Additionally, adrenergic inhalants were independently linked to senile cataract (OR\u2009=\u20091.07,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.008) after adjusting for asthma. Pathway analysis highlighted hormone transport and MAPK signaling as potential mechanisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings provide genetic evidence supporting potential comorbidity\u2010independent causal links between specific systemic medications\u2014particularly diabetes and thyroid drugs\u2014and ocular complications, suggesting the importance of ophthalmological monitoring in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jdr\/6075025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:24:52Z","timestamp":1777526692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Causal Association Between Commonly Used Medicines and Diabetes\u2010Related Eye Diseases: Univariable and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7873-4002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8969-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chak Kwong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6295-5676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamusi","family":"A.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9864-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyue","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0600-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96438-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1591_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12119"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59980"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061252"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-019-02253-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06236-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036370"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","first-page":"869","article-title":"Use of Carnosine as a Natural Anti-Senescence Drug for Human Beings","volume":"65","author":"Wang A. 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