{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:04:20Z","timestamp":1789452260153,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":256,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a complication of diabetes that negatively impacts eating behavior and quality of life. This study investigates olfactory function in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and evaluates the impact of disease duration and long\u2010term glycemic control (mean HbA1c) on olfactory performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory function was assessed using the validated \u201cSniffin\u2032 Sticks\u201d test, which evaluates odor threshold, discrimination, and identification to generate a composite TDI score for diagnosing hyposmia (TDI &lt; 30.75).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hyposmia was identified in 30% of adolescents with Type 1 diabetes, whereas none exhibited anosmia. Overall olfactory performance (TDI scores) did not differ significantly by diabetes duration, age, sex, BMI, lipid profiles, or insulin therapy method. However, a strong negative correlation was observed between long\u2010term mean HbA1c and total TDI scores (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.65,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Logistic regression confirmed that elevated mean HbA1c (&gt;\u20097.0%) was a significant independent predictor of olfactory impairment, increasing the risk of hyposmia 3.7\u2010fold (OR = 3.726,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.018).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poor long\u2010term glycemic control significantly impairs olfactory function in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. This is demonstrated by the marked reduction in olfactory scores among adolescents with high mean HbA1c. Consequently, future research may validate olfactory testing as an effective, early biomarker for diabetic complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jdr\/8415282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:33:42Z","timestamp":1789450422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Olfactory Performance of Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: Relationship to Diabetes Duration and Glycemic Control"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2504-0562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Sobek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7583-8965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Jagielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0301006616685576"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15073590"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233752"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218221115046"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924211016611"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2021.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13542"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164116679079"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2973"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319714520956"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/pedi\/5563863.A"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otpol.2014.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1329-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(93)90005-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2012.746471"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.12.3.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-001-0010-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(03)00025-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-53480-4.00010-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3939(07)70352-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12382"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(98)70305-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27765"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2669"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","first-page":"132","article-title":"Prevalence and Related Risk-Factors of Peripheral Neuropathy in Children With Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Hasani N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Zalecenia kliniczne dotycz\u0105ce post\u0119powania u os\u00f3b z cukrzyc\u0105 \u2013 2024, Stanowisko Polskiego Towarzystwa Diabetologicznego","volume":"4","author":"Diabetologiczne P. 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