{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:38:20Z","timestamp":1773794300134,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":192,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003896","name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#W81XWH-18-2-0040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#W81XWH-18-2-0040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003896","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#HT94252430004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#HT94252430004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recombinant poxviruses have been extensively studied as vaccine vectors, yet the specific mechanisms by which they engage the immune system remain incompletely understood. ALVAC is a poxviral vector that was a component of the HIV vaccine used in the Thai RV144 trial, showing modest efficacy in reducing HIV acquisition. Here, we show that in vitro ALVAC\u2010HIV infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) activates natural killer (NK) and mucosal\u2010associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. This activation was partially dependent on monocytes, cGAS sensing, and production of IL\u201018 and type I IFN. Furthermore, ALVAC\u2010HIV\u2010mediated activation of NK and MAIT cells contributed to the activation of B cells. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), another poxviral vector used for prevention of smallpox and mpox, similarly activated NK and MAIT cells. Overall, this suggests a conserved mechanism by which NK and MAIT cells could contribute to the immunogenicity of poxviral vectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/1203141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T22:19:52Z","timestamp":1752358792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Poxvirus Vectors Activate Human NK and MAIT Cells in a Type I Interferon, IL\u201018, and Monocyte\u2010Dependent Manner"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Kombo 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