{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:24:47Z","timestamp":1787840687876,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":238,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    CD38 serves as a marker for defining subsets of immune cells; however, being an ectoenzyme, it also plays a crucial part in modulating immunometabolic homeostasis, has immense potential to influence the microenvironment of tissues, functions as a prognostic indicator, as well as a therapeutic target. Despite the extensive information on CD38 and the scale of efforts in developing and optimizing therapies targeting various B cell\u2010related diseases, there is still ongoing fundamental research addressing its basic functions on healthy human B cells, which is well needed. Using an adapted methodology to measure and analyze intracellular Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentration changes in B cells upon anti\u2010Ig activation, this study describes the possible effect of CD38 cell surface expression on the rapid Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    flux response of different B cell subsets from healthy individuals, aiming to better understand the role and influence of CD38 on B cell behavior. Circulating B cell subpopulations bearing IgM type BCRs showed marked differences in their Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    flux characteristics according to their respective expression levels of CD38, with the CD38\n                    <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                    transitional cells being visibly different from their transitional and na\u00efve CD38\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD38\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    counterparts, and the unswitched CD38\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells being clearly distinct based on their Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    flux pattern from the CD38\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells in the same compartment, in a setting where CD38 expression was the sole differentiating factor among the subpopulations. The CD38\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    unswitched cells had the highest maximum Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentration among the IgM\u2010expressing populations achieved during anti\u2010IgM stimulation. IgG\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    class\u2010switched memory cells were clustered uniformly by their activation patterns, showed strong responses to anti\u2010IgG stimulation, with no significant correlations to CD38 expression levels. While our research could not fully separate the functional effects of CD38, this work revealed descriptive data concerning the differential kinetic Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    responses of circulating B cells, categorized by their CD38 expression levels.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/1377217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:27:06Z","timestamp":1787837226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Linking CD38 Cell Surface Expression to the Unique Calcium Flux Properties in Human Peripheral B Lymphocytes Following anti\u2010IgM and anti\u2010IgG 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