{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T09:13:11Z","timestamp":1783501991226,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":188,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K02498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K02498"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    OX40 signaling promotes the differentiation of memory CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells into T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that support germinal center (GC) B\u2010cell responses. Using an extended activation\u2010induced marker (AIM) assay based on OX40 (CD134) and CD25 coexpression, we quantified antigen\u2010specific circulating memory Tfh and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells following in vitro stimulation with influenza, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, or measles antigens. Responses were assessed longitudinally in recipients of inactivated influenza (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200920) and mRNA COVID\u201019 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913) vaccines and cross\u2010sectionally in individuals vaccinated with the live\u2010attenuated measles vaccine (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098). All three vaccines elicited humoral responses. Functional assays, performed when sufficient cell numbers were available, showed that sorted influenza\u2010specific Tfh cells (OX40\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD25\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CXCR5\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), cocultured with autologous CD27\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD19\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    memory B cells, promoted B\u2010cell expansion and antibody secretion. This was accompanied by increased CXCL13, IL\u201021, soluble CD40L, and APRIL, consistent with effective T\u2010cell help and B\u2010cell activation. Comparative analyses revealed distinct patterns of follicular immune responses: influenza vaccination induced coordinated Tfh and Tfr responses, whereas mRNA COVID\u201019 vaccination generated increased Tfh but minimal Tfr cells. At peak response, measles and influenza vaccinees exhibited comparable Tfh and Tfr frequencies, while COVID\u201019 vaccinees showed similar Tfh but reduced Tfr proportions. Overall, the extended AIM assay represents a practical and minimally invasive approach for simultaneous monitoring of Tfh and Tfr populations in humans, providing a scalable framework to investigate follicular immune balance across vaccination settings. Beyond enabling sensitive detection of antigen\u2010specific memory responses, this approach highlights the importance of assessing both helper and regulatory follicular compartments to better understand vaccine\u2010induced immunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/2293380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T08:13:26Z","timestamp":1783498406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamics of Circulating Follicular Helper and Regulatory T\u2010Cell Memory Induced by mRNA, Inactivated, and Live\u2010Attenuated Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6790-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"China","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Hani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kumamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Surenaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Tcherakian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Godot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Nogimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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