{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:06:25Z","timestamp":1789538785913,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":257,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Interleukin\u201033 (IL\u201033) is an IL\u20101 family cytokine that activates various immune cells and induces both systemic and localized Th2 responses during infection. An association between IL\u201033 and its suppresion of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) receptor with inflammation during respiratory tract infection has been previously reported. Furthermore, some data suggest that during respiratory infections, IL\u201033 may serve as an indicator of disease severity, as high levels of this cytokine have been found in nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) samples of infants with lower respiratory tract disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). As viral diagnosis is mostly compartmentalized in NPS, in this report, we aimed at detecting IL\u201033 in NPS from patients with respiratory tract infections that were collected in two different transport media (universal transport medium [UTM], and phosphate\u2010buffered saline [PBS]). IL\u201033 levels were evaluated in 230 NPS samples, 121 obtained in PBS, and 109 in UTM. The samples were tested for RSV, metapneumovirus, adenovirus (ADV), influenza, and parainfluenza. In this cohort, higher levels of IL\u201033 were detected in virus\u2010positive samples collected in PBS compared to virus\u2010negative samples collected in the same transport medium. In addition, RSV\u2010 and FLU\u2010positive samples collected in PBS showed higher measured IL\u201033 levels than those collected in UTM. No significant differences were found for the other viruses included in this study. These findings highlight the importance of considering sample collection and transport conditions when interpreting IL\u201033 measurements in NPS, particularly in future studies evaluating IL\u201033 as a potential severity\u2010associated biomarker during RSV or influenza infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/3274290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:53:37Z","timestamp":1789538017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Transport Media on IL\u201033 Levels in Samples From Patients With Viral Respiratory 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