{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T06:09:16Z","timestamp":1789106956780,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":252,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LY23H290003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY23H290003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current clinical reference intervals for lymphocyte subsets lack age\u2010 and sex\u2010specific stratification, limiting accurate immune assessment. This study aimed to establish such stratified reference intervals in a large cohort of healthy adults aged 20\u201360 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1760 healthy adults were included. The absolute counts and percentage distributions of peripheral blood (PB) lymphocyte subsets were determined via flow cytometry (FCM) using a single\u2010platform volume method. Differences between age groups and sexes were then compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The absolute counts of total T cells and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells decreased with advancing age, whereas the absolute counts of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells remained relatively stable, although their percentage increased with age. There was a significant difference in immunological age between the 20\u201340\u2010year\u2010old and 41\u201360\u2010year\u2010old groups. Concurrently, the results of this study revealed immunological sexual dimorphism; however, this disparity tended to diminish in the 51\u201360\u2010year\u2010old group because of changes in female sex hormones.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study established refined reference intervals for adult lymphocyte subsets. The physiological ageing of the immune system constitutes a nonlinear dynamic process, and the establishment of two\u2010dimensional reference intervals based on both sex and age is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/3532462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:58:00Z","timestamp":1789106280000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Establishing Reference Intervals for Adult Lymphocyte Subsets: Single\u2010Platform Volume Analysis Reveals Age\u2010 and Sex\u2010Specific Trajectories of Immunosenescence"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Linjuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0046-1221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109922"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031902"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000040342"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.928359"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-03127-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/2a7422"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111615"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2023.1272118"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121314"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-025-01146-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14860"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.23.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-011620-034148"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9728.2004.00107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2005.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-7-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-020-0173-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14070499"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101422"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-009-0086-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20198392"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023216118"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072363"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9728.2004.00109.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103346"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21360"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21513"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2017-0638"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48108-y"}],"container-title":["Journal 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