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Although MDSCs have attracted significant attention in tumor immunology, their multifaceted roles in immune\u2010mediated hematological disorders remain comparatively understudied and less understood, especially in contrast to their well\u2010documented functions in both solid and hematological malignancies. This review delves into the biological characteristics and functional mechanisms of MDSCs, as well as their dual immunomodulatory roles in various immune\u2010mediated hematological disorders such as immune thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia. Substantial evidence indicates that in these diseases, the expansion, recruitment, and function of MDSCs are significantly altered, with their levels closely correlated to disease activity. Based on these findings, we further explore the therapeutic potential of targeting MDSCs. 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