{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T05:22:36Z","timestamp":1783056156591,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in children is often associated with immune dysfunction, including alterations in regulatory T cells (Treg), impaired T\u2010cell activation, and disrupted natural killer (NK) cell function. ALL comprises immunophenotypically heterogeneous entities, primarily B\u2010cell ALL (B\u2010ALL) and T\u2010cell ALL (T\u2010ALL). However, the dynamics of Treg subsets and their relationship with broader immune alterations across treatment stages remain insufficiently characterised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this prospective case\u2013control study, peripheral blood samples were analysed from 31 children with newly diagnosed ALL (pre\u2010remission), 20 patients in remission and 24 healthy controls (HCs). Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to assess T\u2010cell receptor (TCR) \u03b1\u03b2\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/\u03b3\u03b4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells, CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cell subsets, B cells, NK and NKT\u2010cell populations, CD69 activation markers, and classical and memory Treg subsets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At diagnosis, patients showed significant reductions in TCR \u03b1\u03b2\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and \u03b3\u03b4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells, CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010helper cells and CD69 activation, alongside increased CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells and NKT cells. Classical and memory Treg cells were significantly expanded in the pre\u2010remission group. Following remission, TCR expression and CD3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cell frequencies approached levels observed in HCs, and CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD69\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      activation improved. However, CD56\n                      <jats:sup>bright<\/jats:sup>\n                      NK cells remained reduced, and B\u2010cell depletion persisted in both ALL groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paediatric ALL is characterised by marked immune dysregulation involving expanded Treg populations and impaired lymphocyte activation. Although partial immune recovery occurs after remission (AR), persistent abnormalities in NK\u2010cell and B\u2010cell compartments suggest incomplete immune reconstitution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/5591215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T05:10:01Z","timestamp":1783055401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunophenotypic Profiling of Lymphocyte Subsets in Children and Adolescents With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Immune Dysregulation Before and After Remission"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5562-0245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanaa","family":"Nafady-Hego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8761-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arwa","family":"Flemban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2992-8497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Kabrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan M.","family":"Abd Elmoneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elgendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talat","family":"Albukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Elgendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hams","family":"Alaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruba","family":"Almaghrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2337-7172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samar N.","family":"Ekram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa","family":"Nafady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BrazaF. 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