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Macrophages play a crucial role in the initiation, development, and recovery of ALF. Targeting macrophages through immunotherapy holds significant promise as a therapeutic strategy. These cells exhibit remarkable plasticity, enabling them to differentiate into various subtypes based on changes in their surrounding microenvironment. M1\u2010type macrophages are associated with a pro\u2010inflammatory phenotype and primarily rely predominantly on glycolysis. In contrast, M2\u2010type macrophages, which are characterized by anti\u2010inflammatory phenotype, predominantly obtain their energy from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Shifting macrophage metabolism from glycolysis to OXPHOS inhibits M1 macrophage activation and promotes M2 macrophage activation, thereby exerting anti\u2010inflammatory and reparative effects. This study elucidates the relationship between macrophage activation and glucose metabolism reprograming from an immunometabolism perspective. A comprehensive literature review revealed that several signaling pathways may regulate macrophage polarization through energy metabolism, including phosphatidyl\u2010inositol 3\u2010kinase\/protein kinase B (PI3K\/AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)\/hypoxia\u2010inducible factor 1\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (HIF\u20101\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), nuclear factor\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    B (NF\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    B), and AMP\u2010activated protein kinase (AMPK), which exhibit crosstalk with one another. Additionally, we systematically reviewed several traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers that can modulate glucose metabolism reprograming and influence the polarization states of M1 and M2 macrophages. This review aimed to provide valuable insights that could contribute to the development of new therapies or drugs for ALF.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/5891381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T09:11:05Z","timestamp":1735031465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Metabolic Reprograming of Macrophages: A New Direction in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Treating Liver Failure"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1851-4512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9080-1300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7184-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31894-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2019.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)08054-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30046-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v11.i7.586"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15328"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001162"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26503"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1755274"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26563"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2005.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2021.00353"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25579"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.88"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.01.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1688502"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00921-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2015.00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2022.2132145"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i15.1811"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24157"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12468"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.803037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02852"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","first-page":"363","article-title":"Fate Mapping of Cancer Cells in Metastatic Lymph Nodes Using Photoconvertible Proteins","volume":"2021","author":"Pereira E. 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