{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:47:53Z","timestamp":1788263273288,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":131,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) infection spans a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from mild respiratory issues to severe outcomes like pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and fatality. Natural killer (NK) cells, governed by killer cell immunoglobulin\u2010like receptors (KIRs), play a pivotal role in directly combating viral infections. Emerging studies indicate a decline in NK cell numbers and heightened NKG2A expression in infected individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study focuses on genotyping human leukocyte antigen (HLA)\u2010E, HLA\u2010G, and KIR in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010positive individuals, comparing data between those with mild and moderate\/severe symptoms. The cohort comprised 100 COVID\u201019\u2010positive patients and 100 healthy volunteers, both groups subjected to DNA isolation and genotyping using sequence\u2010based sequencing.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In 97 COVID\u201019\u2010positive patients (52 mild, 24 moderate, and 21 severe) and 100 healthy volunteers, the study revealed protective associations with inhibitory alleles (KIR2DL1, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL4, KIR3DL1, KIR3DL2, and pseudo\u2010alleles like KIR3DP1\n                    <jats:italic>\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>\n                    003). Conversely, predisposing factors included activator alleles (KIR2DS2, KIR3DS1) and pseudo\u2010alleles (KIR3DP\n                    <jats:italic>\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>\n                    001\/002). The G\n                    <jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>\n                    01:04 allele and G\n                    <jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>\n                    01:04\u2010G\n                    <jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>\n                    01:04 genotype emerged as protective, while the HLA\u2010E\n                    <jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>\n                    01:03\u2010HLA\u2010E\n                    <jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>\n                    01:03 genotype may negatively impact disease prognosis. Conversely, the HLA\u2010E\n                    <jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>\n                    01:01\u2010HLA\u2010E\n                    <jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>\n                    01:03 and HLA\u2010E\n                    <jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>\n                    01:01\u2010HLA\u2010E\n                    <jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>\n                    01:01 genotypes may confer protection.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Genetic variations in KIR, HLA\u2010E, and HLA\u2010G are associated with susceptibility and resistance to severe COVID\u201019 outcomes. This elucidates the intricate interplay of NK cells and immune\u2010related genes, offering insights into potential therapeutic avenues and personalized approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/6691437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T06:50:23Z","timestamp":1747032623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin\u2010Like Receptors and Human Leukocyte Antigen\u2010E, Human Leukocyte Antigen\u2010G Polymorphisms on Innate Immunity and COVID\u201019 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