{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:27:59Z","timestamp":1791836879285,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013254","name":"National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202410760007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202410760007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a unique class of immunosuppressive cells that play a key role in managing immune\u2010related diseases. Growing evidence indicates that the immunosuppressive effects of Tregs also rely on cell\u2010to\u2010cell interactions that are facilitated by the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Treg\u2010derived EVs (Treg\u2010EVs) are lipid bilayer vesicles that are released from Tregs and have been shown to promote intercellular communication and facilitate immune regulation by transferring various messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and proteins. miRNAs are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression after transcription and can influence multiple target genes by binding to the 3\u2032\u2010untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs to exert influence on a wide array of cellular functions. Although the roles of miRNAs and Treg\u2010EVs in various diseases have been extensively studied, the regulatory functions of the different miRNAs within Treg\u2010EVs in immune\u2010related diseases remain largely unexplored. In this narrative review, we investigate the functional roles of Tregs and their derived EVs in immune regulation. Then, we discuss the specific roles of miRNAs within Treg\u2010EVs in the context of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), autoimmune vasculitis, multiple sclerosis (MS), and kidney and skin allografts by investigating recent research in autoimmune diseases and transplantation. In these situations, different Treg\u2010EVs can support the treatment of immune\u2010related conditions by delivering miRNAs to specific immune cells and promoting immunosuppression through multiple mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/6798693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:25:37Z","timestamp":1774517137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of MicroRNAs in Treg\u2010Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Narrative Review Focusing on Immune\u2010Related Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1375-2357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yudong","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2815-0446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juncheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5971-203X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuwen","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5761-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingxuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4528-6681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reyihanguli","family":"Yimin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5795-8672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041717"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00808-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020154"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911206"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00233"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01735-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2023.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24531-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01724-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02089-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2940-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-018-9008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00149"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137171"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00427.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02326-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1685682"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.943354"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14721"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023739118"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0280-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abi4613"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01496"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.750542"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.914799"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2020.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1122063"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00899-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08617-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00317"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2385"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00764-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12010110"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01973-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126417"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2023.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.11.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52570"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00764-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242909"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00385.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-081646"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12237"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00611-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00805-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322526"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137167"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0649-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1084101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa360"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.947636"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01525-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.626193"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2103726"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108858"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111795"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-325668"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2023.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00543-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-329963"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109824"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9064073"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgf2.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.844300"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84181"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI136042"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3322"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01473-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202106150"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26858"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11072-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02406-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048795"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2021.100609"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.651222"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121722"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2023.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.15314"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2013.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.688460"}],"container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jimr\/6798693","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/jimr\/6798693","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jimr\/6798693","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:25:40Z","timestamp":1774517140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/jimr\/6798693"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Poorani","family":"Gurumallesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/jimr\/6798693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/jimr\/6798693","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-8861","2314-7156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-8861","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-7156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"6798693"}}