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We aimed to investigate the frequency of different B\u2010cell subsets and their relationship with MS severity. Also, we quantified the CXCL13 and neurofilament (NfL) plasma levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the differential expression of IgD, CD38, CD27, HLA\u2010DR, CD138, IL\u201010, and IL\u201017, the frequency of different circulating B\u2010cell (CD19\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) subsets was evaluated using flow cytometry. Plasma levels of CXCL13 and NfL were quantified using ELISA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, the severity of neurological impairment positively correlated with the percentage of plasmablast (CD138\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , IL\u201017\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      IL\u201010\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      , HLA\u2010DR\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgD\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and memory CD27\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD38\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B\u2010cell subsets (IL\u201017\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      IL\u201010\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      and HLA\u2010DR\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgD\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), but negatively correlated with the proportion of HLA\u2010DR\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and IL\u201017\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      IL\u201010\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      among transitional and plasmablasts. The occurrence of new clinical relapses was mainly observed among patients who showed an elevated proportion of CD138\n                      <jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup>\n                      and HLA\u2010DR\n                      <jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgD\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      plasmablast and HLA\u2010DR\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgD\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      memory and CD27\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD38\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B\u2010cell subsets. Further, relapsed patients showed a higher percentage of IL\u201017\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      IL\u201010\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells among transitional, na\u00efve and different memory B cells at baseline. By contrast, elevated frequency of HLA\u2010DR\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgD\n                      <jats:sup>++<\/jats:sup>\n                      memory B cells and IL\u201017\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      IL\u201010\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      among transitional and plasmablasts was observed in nonrelapsed patients over time. CXCL13 levels were higher in relapsed patients, and positively correlated with CD138\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      plasmablasts and memory B\u2010cell subsets. Finally, plasma levels of NfL correlated positively with both CD138\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and HLA\u2010DR\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgD\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      plasmablasts, but negatively with transitional and na\u00efve B cells with HLA\u2010DR\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      phenotype.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, our findings suggest that increased circulating anergic or immunogenic B\u2010cell subsets could be candidate biomarkers for low\u2010 and high\u2010risk of disease activity, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/7341319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:36:57Z","timestamp":1790145417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Imbalance of Circulating B\u2010Cell Subsets Was Associated With Higher Risk of Relapses in RRMS Patients"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lana M\u00e1rcia","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3278-8229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos O. 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