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However, where ET impinges on immune mechanisms underlying autoimmune diabetes is yet incompletely understood. We investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. vulgatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , two common intestinal species dominating either in low\u2010 or high\u2010incidence countries, on activation and chemoattraction of islet\u2010specific T cells in non\u2010obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    LPS induced costimulatory ligands CD40, CD80 and CD86 on both conventional and cross\u2010presenting (XCR1+) dendritic cells (DC) and islet\u2010specific glucose\u20106\u2010phosphatase catalytic subunit\u2010related protein (IGRP)\u2010reactive islet\u2010specific T cells in the pancreatic lymph node. In comparison to mice not primed with\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    LPS or primed with\n                    <jats:italic>B. vulgatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    LPS, the second injection of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    LPS lowered the frequency of IGRP\u2010reactive T cells and CD80 expression on DC subsets, as well as CD44 and CD69 activation markers and the CXCR3 chemokine receptor on IGRP\u2010reactive T cells. In islets, expression of chemokine CXCL10 accentuated, and insulitis became more severe in mice primed with\n                    <jats:italic>B. vulgatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    LPS. Our results provide mechanistic insight into how ET affects islet autoimmunity and suggest that physiological exposure to\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    LPS may benefit in moderating autoimmune diabetes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/7395567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T11:56:04Z","timestamp":1777031764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endotoxin Tolerance Impinges on T Cell Activation and Chemoattraction in Autoimmune Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1011-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satu M.","family":"Siloj\u00e4rvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1640-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda A. 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