{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:28:35Z","timestamp":1786519715506,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":222,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chemical\u2010induced sensitization is a major health concern. To date, no internationally accepted method is able to discriminate a skin from a respiratory sensitizer. The identification of an immune profile specific to skin or respiratory sensitizers is therefore scientifically relevant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female BALB\/c mice were dermally exposed to a skin (2,4\u2010dinitrochlorobenzene, DNCB) or to a respiratory sensitizer (phthalic anhydride, PA) at day 0 (D0) and D5 to initiate allergic sensitization and at D10, D11, and D12 to induce elicitation. Auricular lymph nodes (LNs) were collected at D0, D3, D7, D10, and D13. Single\u2010cell transcriptomic and flow cytometric analyses were performed in order to identify immune cell proportions and marker expression. Enrichment analyses were performed at D13 on dendritic and T cells. Cytokine measurements were performed in LN cells\u2019 supernatant by bead array cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to both sensitizers induced a strong immune reaction demonstrated by an increase of mature B cells and an evolution of the T cell subpopulations, with an increase of follicular and memory T cells. The proportion of NKT, Th2, and Th9 cells and the levels of IgE increased specifically during PA exposure. Follicular, memory, and helper T cells showed distinct transcriptomic responses to DNCB or PA. The proportion of dendritic cells (DCs) strongly increased starting from D10 in mice exposed to DNCB, and those cells showed a specific transcriptomic signature towards the skin sensitizer. Enrichment analyses suggested a metabolic shift in DCs exposed to DNCB. Single\u2010cell transcriptomic data were confirmed by flow\u2010 and bead array cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A distinct transcriptomic signature was identified in immune cells during sensitization to DNCB or PA in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/7515115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:40:26Z","timestamp":1786516826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune Divergences Between the Skin Sensitizer 2,4\u2010Dinitrochlorobenzene and the Respiratory Sensitizer Phthalic Anhydride Revealed by Mouse Single\u2010Cell Transcriptomics"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0556-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Mourot-Bousquenaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2550-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa Gratianne","family":"Guillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Coiscaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julianne","family":"Mathiot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-7154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quentin","family":"Fort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4244-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Jacquenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1393-1686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice","family":"Battais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2022.119009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-4551-7-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","volume-title":"Building Evidence to Support the Utility of In Vitro and in Silico Methods in a Regulatory Context. 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