{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T14:06:51Z","timestamp":1779026811534,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":131,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for respiratory infections. These drugs work by blocking two enzymes, COX\u20101 and COX\u20102, which regulate the production of prostaglandins, mediators involved in pain, fever, and inflammation. Corticosteroids (CSs) are commonly used in outpatient settings for anti\u2010inflammatory purposes in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, their potential side effects, such as immunosuppression and increased metabolism, can be overlooked, even at low doses. Their use is clearly defined for severe conditions. Other infections, such as community\u2010acquired pneumonia, pharyngotonsillitis, or otitis, do not have supportive data for the use of systemic CSs. For COVID\u201019, CSs are beneficial for severe cases that require ventilation, while they may not be helpful in mild cases. Infection\u2010induced inflammation is associated with oxidative stress, a condition that arises from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inadequate antioxidant responses. This stress worsens inflammatory reactions and can lead to severe respiratory infections and tissue damage. Managing oxidative stress is crucial in treating respiratory infections, and both CSs and NSAIDs can help reduce it. NSAIDs are preferred for treating symptoms such as fever and pain during the early phases of infections, especially viral ones, without hindering the immune response. CSs are powerful anti\u2010inflammatory medications that are useful for treating infections in patients with asthma or allergies. However, CSs are not recommended for relieving pain and fever and can weaken the immune response. Both NSAIDs and steroids can mask serious infections, so doctors must be cautious in their use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/9991040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T13:35:39Z","timestamp":1778592939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Corticosteroids or NSAIDs in Managing Acute Respiratory Infections: Valuable Differences"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8554-2401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7016-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Ciprandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","article-title":"Global Burden of Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: An Update From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"59","author":"GBD 2019 Chronic Respiratory Diseases Collaborators","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","volume-title":"Practical Manual to Set Up and Manage a SARI Treatment Centre and a SARI Screening Facility in Health Care Facilities","author":"WHO Severe Acute Respiratory Infections Treatment Centre","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000001024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9847840"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119647"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01852-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Rucker D.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2013.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 in H5N1 Viral Pathogenesis and the Potential Use of Its Inhibitors","volume":"19","author":"Lee M. Y.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hong Kong Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616893114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.5c00047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07701-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","first-page":"218","article-title":"Frequency of NSAID-Induced Peptic Ulcer Disease","volume":"56","author":"Hamid S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/258209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.09.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M805329200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M210328200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.10.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1993.73.4.823"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040659"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24809"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","article-title":"Ibuprofen Lysine Salt Complexed With Beta-Cyclodextrin Oral Suspension: An Innovative Pediatric Formulation With Clinical Advantages","author":"Ciprandi G.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/CP202368"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7553.1302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c7086"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75394-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204746"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02481-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline (Update): Adult Sinusitis\/Otolaryngology","volume":"152","author":"Rosenfeld R. M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","first-page":"e149","article-title":"Lignes Directrices Canadiennes Sur LA Rhinosinusite Bacterienne Aigue","volume":"60","author":"Kaplan A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canadian Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2024.104925"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis847"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815624407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004405.pub5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2395-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23429"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-318971"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818731-9.00181-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-021-00824-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04434-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75926-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02194-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01601-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S79135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AOT.906164"}],"container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jimr\/9991040","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/jimr\/9991040","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jimr\/9991040","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T13:35:31Z","timestamp":1779024931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/jimr\/9991040"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Poorani","family":"Gurumallesh Prabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/jimr\/9991040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/jimr\/9991040","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-8861","2314-7156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-8861","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-7156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9991040"}}