{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T18:30:02Z","timestamp":1786386602395,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":187,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81830098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81830098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Excessive iodine intake is associated with an increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity. However, the relationship between prolonged exposure to iodine levels exceeding 100\u2009\u03bcg\/L in drinking water and the occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs) remains uncertain. The objective of the present study was to assess whether elevated iodine levels exceeding 100\u2009\u03bcg\/L in drinking water are a risk factor for AITD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We conducted a case\u2013control study at a hospital, enrolling 668 adults. We measured serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), water iodine concentration (WIC), and serum cytokine concentrations\u2014including interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2), interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u2010\u03b3), and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The study demonstrated that individuals with water iodine levels &gt; 100\u2009\u03bcg\/L had a significantly higher risk of developing AITD compared with those in the 10\u2013100\u2009\u03bcg\/L group (OR\u2009=\u20092.076,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, a family history of thyroid disorders (OR\u2009=\u20094.035,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) and higher education levels (specifically college education compared to primary school; OR\u2009=\u20092.608,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.016) were associated with an increased risk of AITD. Conversely, regular consumption of freshwater fish was correlated with a lower risk of developing AITD (at least once per week vs. hardly eat, OR\u2009=\u20090.472,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.009; at least once per month vs. hardly eat, OR\u2009=\u20090.693,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.042). Additionally, IL\u20106 levels in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The case\u2010control study demonstrated a significant association between the development of AITD and prolonged exposure to elevated iodine levels (above 100\u2009\u03bcg\/L) in water. AITD was found to be associated with several other factors. Risk factors for AITD include a family history of thyroid disorders and higher educational attainment. Additionally, the consumption of freshwater fish was identified as a protective factor. Identifying and understanding these significant risk and protective factors for AITD development are critical, and effective strategies should be developed and implemented for prevention and intervention targeting at\u2010risk individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jnme\/1510663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T06:50:42Z","timestamp":1751871042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prolonged Exposure to Elevated Iodine Levels in Drinking Water Is Associated With the Occurrence of Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders in Adults: Findings From a Case\u2010Control Study Conducted in Shandong Province, China"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5451-7151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2691-5407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0877-1921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3621-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7852-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7407-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1176-5100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianglan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2051-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuowen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4198-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunpeng","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1526-2076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1410-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1701-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianjun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124469"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111937"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-03050-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040361"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164628"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14041"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","unstructured":"National 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