{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:00:49Z","timestamp":1790233249080,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":265,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ARSBIC-B-202403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARSBIC-B-202403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diabetic sarcopenia arises from metabolic imbalance\u2013induced ROS accumulation and oxidative stress, which exacerbate muscle degeneration. Typically, autophagy removes excessive ROS and damaged organelles, helping to limit oxidative stress and preserve skeletal muscle function. S\u2010Equol (Eq), an intestinal metabolite of soy isoflavones with high affinity for estrogen receptor\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ER\u03b2), exhibits estrogen\u2010like activity, yet its role in diabetic muscle atrophy remains unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the effects of Eq on diabetic muscle atrophy in PA\u2010induced atrophic L6 myotubes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, palmitic acid (PA)\u2013treated L6 myotubes were used to model diabetes\u2010associated atrophy. Then, Eq treatment was further carried out, and oxidative stress, mitochondrial morphology, and autophagy were further detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PA suppressed AMPK\/ULK1\u2010mediated autophagy, induced ROS accumulation, disrupted mitochondrial morphology, and caused myotube atrophy. Eq treatment restored autophagic activity, significantly decreased ROS and malondialdehyde levels, maintained mitochondrial integrity and function, and preserved myotube structure. Importantly, inhibition of autophagy with 3\u2010MA abolished the protective effects of Eq, confirming that its antiatrophic actions are autophagy\u2010dependent. Mechanistically, knockdown of ER\u03b2 or AMPK prevented Eq from activating autophagy, suggesting that the ER\u03b2\u2013AMPK signaling axis is involved in Eq\u2010mediated autophagy regulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that Eq alleviates PA\u2010induced myotube atrophy by promoting autophagy, potentially through modulation of the ER\u03b2\u2013AMPK signaling axis. These results highlight Eq as a potential nutritional therapy for the prevention and treatment of diabetic sarcopenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jnme\/9719495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:12:09Z","timestamp":1790230329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["S\u2010Equol Alleviates Palmitic Acid\u2013Induced Muscle Atrophy by Modulating the ER\u03b2\u2013AMPK\u2013Autophagy Axis in L6 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