{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T09:19:53Z","timestamp":1787995193127,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":240,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002822","name":"Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LYG20240084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LYG20240084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Nursing Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ward atmosphere in closed psychiatric wards significantly influences nurses\u2019 well\u2010being and quality of care. However, the formation mechanisms of ward atmosphere perceptions remain underexplored, and previous research has largely overlooked individual heterogeneity in how nurses perceive different dimensions of the ward environment. This study aims to identify distinct profiles of ward atmosphere among psychiatric nurses in closed wards and examine the predictive effects of physical environmental factors and workplace violence on profile membership.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This quantitative, cross\u2010sectional study adopted mixed nonprobability sampling combining purposive and convenience sampling and collected data via online questionnaires. A total of 1037 psychiatric nurses from 34 hospitals in China completed self\u2010report questionnaires between July and August 2024. Ward atmosphere was measured using the Chinese\u2010version Essen Climate Evaluation Schema. Physical environment characteristics were collected using a self\u2010developed questionnaire. Workplace violence was measured using the Workplace Violence Scale. Latent profile analysis was conducted using Mplus 8.3 to identify distinct ward atmosphere profiles. Multinomial logistic regression (R3STEP) was used to examine predictors of profile membership. All respondents provided electronic informed consent, and the study was approved by the institutional ethics committee.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three distinct profiles of ward atmosphere were identified: \u201cTriple\u2010High group\u201d (10.8%), \u201cSafety\u2010Deficient group\u201d (77.1%), and \u201cSupport\u2010Depleted group\u201d (12.1%). Compared with nurses in the Triple\u2010High group, those in the Safety\u2010Deficient and Support\u2010Depleted groups reported poorer ventilation, smaller ward size, less adequate safety measures, more frequent workplace violence, and higher rates of permission for smartphone use. Greenery, video surveillance, tidiness, and larger ward size differentiated the Safety\u2010Deficient group from the Support\u2010Depleted group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychiatric nurses\u2019 perceptions of ward atmosphere are heterogeneous, with the majority experiencing safety deficits. Both physical environmental features and exposure to workplace violence are important predictors of these perceptions. Hospital administrators should implement targeted modifications to the physical environment of the wards and reduce workplace violence to enhance the ward atmosphere.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for Nursing Management<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nursing managers should acknowledge the heterogeneity in nurses\u2019 perceptions of ward atmosphere. Targeted improvements to ward physical environments\u2014such as enlarging ward space, enhancing ventilation, and upgrading safety facilities\u2014are recommended. Effective strategies should also be developed to mitigate workplace violence in closed psychiatric wards. Simple, low\u2010cost environmental adjustments may improve ward atmosphere, potentially alleviate psychological stress, and further contribute to nurse well\u2010being and retention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jonm\/1251723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T09:06:12Z","timestamp":1787994372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ward Atmosphere and Its Predictive Factors Among Psychiatric Nurses in Closed Psychiatric Wards: A Latent Profile 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