{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:31:07Z","timestamp":1792801867451,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":136,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004035","name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20240058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Nursing Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients undergoing hemodialysis are highly susceptible to infection; however, evidence suggests variability in nurses\u2019 infection control competencies. Although digital learning tools are increasingly used in nursing, there have been few randomized controlled trials assessing WhatsApp chatbot\u2010based infection control training for hemodialysis nurses. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a WhatsApp chatbot\u2010based training program on nurses\u2019 knowledge and practices related to infection control in hemodialysis units.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cluster\u2010randomized controlled trial was conducted from July to September 2024, involving 50 hemodialysis nurses recruited via convenience sampling from five hospitals in Jordan. Ten clusters, defined by hospital site and work shift, were randomly assigned using a computer\u2010generated sequence prepared by an independent researcher to either an intervention group, which received the WhatsApp chatbot\u2010based training program, or a control group. Guided by constructivist learning theory, the intervention facilitated active knowledge construction through an interactive, automated chatbot dialogue delivered over 4\u2009weeks. Outcome measures were collected using a self\u2010reporting questionnaire at baseline and 4\u2009weeks after completion of the 5\u2010day intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mixed\u2010model repeated\n                      <jats:bold>-<\/jats:bold>\n                      measures ANOVA revealed that the intervention group showed statistically significant improvements in both knowledge (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1, 48)\u2009=\u200919.34,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.28) and practice (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1, 48)\u2009=\u200914.52,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.23), both indicating large effect sizes, compared with the control group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study results indicate that the WhatsApp chatbot\u2010based training program is an effective e\u2010learning approach that helped hemodialysis nurses develop their infection control knowledge and practice. The results suggest that WhatsApp chatbot\u2010based education provides nurse managers with a flexible and scalable method to enhance infection control competencies and improve patient safety in hemodialysis units.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jonm\/2281714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:58:42Z","timestamp":1779083922000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of a WhatsApp Chatbot\u2010Based Training Program on Infection Control Knowledge and Practices Among Hemodialysis Nurses: A Cluster\u2010Randomized Controlled 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