{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1790751431341,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":271,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Nursing Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we explore qualitatively the types and extent of violence perpetrated against Canadian nurses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the growing shortage of professional nurses globally, prioritizing the safety and well\u2010being of nurses is essential. Workplace violence is a critical factor that may aggravate exposure to potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTEs) and negatively affect nurses\u2019 mental health and well\u2010being. Research has found that patients\u2019 family members and other visitors are the second highest perpetrators of health care violence against nurses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using a grounded theory\u2010informed approach to thematic analysis, we engaged in a secondary qualitative analysis of open\u2010text survey responses from a national survey of Canadian nurses\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2009=\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      168) experiences of violence conducted between May and September 2019.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nurses described their experience of violence from patients\u2019 family and other visitors as the most impactful PPTE they experienced at work in open\u2010ended text box responses. Four primary themes were produced, each characterizing nurses\u2019 experiences of visitor violence: Normalization of harm\/violence, verbal abuse\/harassment, physical violence, and emotional abuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We put forth proactive strategies to enhance organizational and leadership response and reporting structures to improve the safety and mental well\u2010being of Canadian nurses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for Nursing Management<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Priority actions for nursing leaders, organizations, and managers could include strengthening visitor management protocols, improving security escalation pathways, simplifying reporting systems, reinforcing just culture, and providing postincident support and updated training for nurses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jonm\/3920566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:11:01Z","timestamp":1790748661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding Violence Toward Canadian Nurses From Patients\u2019 Family and Visitors as a Potentially Psychologically Traumatic Event"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Kim","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences McMaster University  Hamilton Canada  mcmaster.ca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-8968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosemary","family":"Ricciardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Marine Institute Memorial University of Newfoundland  St. John\u2019s Canada  mun.ca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0622-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Science University of New Brunswick (Saint John)  Saint John Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences McMaster University  Hamilton Canada  mcmaster.ca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanxin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Canada  utoronto.ca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Stelnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Point Psychology  Calgary Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences McMaster University  Hamilton Canada  mcmaster.ca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Nicholas","family":"Carleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Regina  Regina Canada  uregina.ca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0844562120974194"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0844562120961988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.43.10\/11.09"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2702.2000.00401.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2009.01321.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0966-0429.2001.00262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","article-title":"Code White: Sounding the Alarm on Violence Against Health Care Workers","author":"Keith M. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Between the Lines"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","article-title":"Let\u2019s Put an End to Violence Against Nurses","author":"Silas L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.70127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03039-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","unstructured":"Canadian Federation of Nurses Union (Cfnu) Enough is Enough: Putting a Stop to Violence in the Health Care Sector 2017 https:\/\/nursesunions.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/CFNU_Enough-is-Enough_June1_FINALlow.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","unstructured":"Hesa Committee Report Violence Facing Health Care Workers in Canada 2019 https:\/\/www.ourcommons.ca\/DocumentViewer\/en\/42-1\/HESA\/report-29\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","unstructured":"Parliament of Canada Bill C-3 2021 https:\/\/www.parl.ca\/legisinfo\/en\/bill\/44-1\/c-3."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","unstructured":"Canadian Federation of Nurses Union (Cfnu) Canada\u2019s Nurses Applaud New Federal Legislation to Protect Health Care Workers Against Violence 2021 https:\/\/nursesunions.ca\/media-release-canadas-nurses-applaud-new-federal-legislation-to-protect-health-care-workers-against-violence1\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v24i0.1222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-6-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201900226"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5505\/phd.2012.32042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","unstructured":"GatesD. 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