{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:25:41Z","timestamp":1787135141568,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":230,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72304261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72304261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Nursing Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nursing staff frequently encounter serious occupational exposure risks that may adversely affect both their physical well\u2010being and mental health. Their awareness of these risks plays a pivotal role in shaping protective behaviors and influencing how they recognize and respond to workplace hazards. However, existing assessment tools have several limitations, including a lack of robust theoretical foundation and an inability to reflect the complexity of contemporary clinical environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multiphase study developed and validated a scale based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). The process included a structured literature review for item generation, a two\u2010round Delphi consultation, a pilot survey (400 nurses) with exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and a cross\u2010sectional validation sample (1250 nurses) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Reliability was assessed using Cronbach\u2019s alpha and the Spearman\u2013Brown split\u2010half coefficient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The final scale comprised 32 items organized into five theoretically grounded dimensions: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self\u2010efficacy. The results of EFA and CFA supported the proposed five\u2010factor model. Fit indices suggested an acceptable model fit: chi\u2010square\/df\u2009=\u20092.941; RMSEA\u2009=\u20090.039; CFI\u2009=\u20090.974; NFI\u2009=\u20090.961; IFI\u2009=\u20090.974. The overall Cronbach\u2019s alpha was 0.927. The total Spearman\u2013Brown split\u2010half coefficient was 0.659, and dimension\u2010level coefficients ranged from 0.832 to 0.937.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed HBM\u2010based Occupational Exposure Risk Perception Scale (HBM\u2010OERPS) showed initial validity evidence and good internal consistency for assessing nurses\u2032 perceptions of occupational hazards within an HBM framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Nursing Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HBM\u2010OERPS provides an effective tool for future assessment of occupational exposure risk beliefs among nursing staff. This approach assists in identifying domain\u2010specific risk\u2010belief deficits and guides the design of targeted occupational safety education, resource allocation, and management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jonm\/4322052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T09:41:22Z","timestamp":1787132482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Validation of the Health Belief Model\u2010Based Occupational Exposure Risk Perception Scale for Nursing Staff"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4849-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingyun","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4568-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8127-3549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3497-6067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4964-445X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinglan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0489-2217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1505331"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxad032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063737"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP14945"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16661"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10519815261422189"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-210046"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16016\/j.1000-5404.201709081"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"An Overview and Theoretical Framework of Risk Perception Research","volume":"3","author":"Xie X. 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