{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:52:48Z","timestamp":1791546768374,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":281,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Nursing Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Servant leadership emphasizes humility, ethical conduct, service to others, and concern for followers\u2019 development. In nursing teams, understanding how servant leadership is associated with nurses\u2019 service performance and the mechanisms underlying this association is important for patient\u2010centered service delivery and nursing management.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim<\/jats:title>\n To examine the association between team\u2010level servant leadership and individual nurses\u2019 service performance and to test two proposed indirect pathways through team service orientation and individual service rule commitment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A multilevel, time\u2010lagged, and multisource survey was conducted across 44 nursing teams from regional teaching hospitals in Taiwan. Data were collected at two time points, 4\u2009weeks apart, using matched questionnaires completed by nurses and their immediate supervisors. A total of 193 valid matched responses were obtained. Nurses assessed servant leadership, service orientation, and service rule commitment, whereas supervisors rated nurses\u2019 service performance. Random\u2010intercept multilevel models were estimated using full maximum likelihood. The service orientation pathway was specified as a 2\u20102\u20101 model and the service rule commitment pathway as a 2\u20101\u20101 model. Formal indirect effects were evaluated using Monte Carlo confidence intervals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Servant leadership was positively associated with nurses\u2019 service performance before the proposed mediators were entered (\n B<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.230, SE\u2009=\u20090.112,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.046). Servant leadership was also positively associated with team service orientation (\n B<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.428, SE\u2009=\u20090.105,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), which in turn was positively associated with nurses\u2019 service performance (\n B<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.371, SE\u2009=\u20090.149,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.017). The indirect effect through team service orientation was statistically significant (effect\u2009=\u20090.159, Monte Carlo SE\u2009=\u20090.077, 95% CI [0.030, 0.328]). In contrast, the indirect effect through service rule commitment was not statistically significant (effect\u2009=\u2009\u22120.027, Monte Carlo SE\u2009=\u20090.038, 95% CI [\u22120.115, 0.038]).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Team\u2010level servant leadership was positively associated with nurses\u2019 service performance and team service orientation. The statistically significant indirect effect through team service orientation supports a value\u2010based indirect pathway linking servant leadership to nurses\u2019 service performance, whereas the proposed rule\u2010based indirect pathway through service rule commitment was not supported. These findings suggest that servant leadership may be more closely associated with the internalization of patient\u2010centered service values than with additional commitment to formal service rules.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Implications for Nursing Management<\/jats:title>\n Nurse managers may cultivate service\u2010oriented team environments by modeling patient\u2010centered values, demonstrating humility and ethical responsibility, providing supportive feedback, and promoting staff development. Leadership development programs should complement formal service standards with value\u2010based practices that help nurses connect organizational expectations with professional meaning and patient\u2010centered care.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jonm\/4577566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:08:48Z","timestamp":1791544128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serving With Purpose: How Servant Leadership Fosters Nurses\u2019 Service Orientation and Performance"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Lihsiang","family":"Shih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Cheng Ching General Hospital Taichung Taiwan ccgh.com.tw"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenghuang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Chung Kang Branch Cheng Ching Hospital Taichung Taiwan ccgh.com.tw"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8840-8628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lifen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master\u2019s Degree Program in Long-Term Care Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taichung Taiwan ctust.edu.tw"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","volume-title":"State of the World\u2019s Nursing 2020: Investing in Education, Jobs and Leadership","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","volume-title":"The Servant as Leader","author":"Greenleaf R. K.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","volume-title":"Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness","author":"Greenleaf R. K.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2008.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2014.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2018.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","first-page":"357","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Leadership and Organizations","author":"Liden R. C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206310380462"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JHL.S440160"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03209-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/jonm\/8825138"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/msnj.2025.353341.1156"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15654"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13622"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038036"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12265"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.1.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.6.1256"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","volume-title":"Social Learning Theory","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_2","volume-title":"Exchange and Power in Social Life","author":"Blau P. M.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2092623"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_2","first-page":"389","article-title":"Translation and Content Analysis of Oral and Written Materials","volume":"2","author":"Brislin R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology: Methodology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/256600"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013504"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224299405800109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2003.tb02072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.4.1020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_2","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Advances in International Comparative Management","author":"Dorfman P. W.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_2","volume-title":"Hierarchical Linear Models","author":"Bryk A. S.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_2","volume-title":"HLM 6: Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling","author":"Raudenbush S. W.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.69.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_2","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations","author":"Bliese P.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428108327450"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020141"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2012.679848"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2013.0034"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/MRev42872"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-04052-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2004.tb02484.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nursing Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jonm\/4577566","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/jonm\/4577566","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jonm\/4577566","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:08:51Z","timestamp":1791544131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/jonm\/4577566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/jonm\/4577566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/jonm\/4577566","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-0429","1365-2834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-0429","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4577566"}}