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Variables were measured using demographic data, scales of maternal feeling of childcare burden, the practice environment of the nursing work index, work\u2013family conflict, and turnover intention. Data analyses were performed using one\u2010way analysis of variance,\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests, Pearson correlation analysis, multivariate linear regression analysis, and the Process 4.0 macro plug\u2010in method (SPSS v. 26.0).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Turnover intention among female nurses differed significantly according to their cohabitation status, youngest child\u2019s age, department, shift pattern, weekly overtime hours, night\u2010shift frequency, and the schedule notice period. Nurses who lived alone with children, had a child aged 16\u201318, with weekly overtime more than 8\u2009h, and received schedules only 1\u20133\u2009days in advance showed significantly higher turnover intention. Participants scored 12.50\u2009\u00b1\u20097.22 on the maternal feeling of childcare burden scale, 2.41\u2009\u00b1\u20090.51 on the practice environment scale, 55.74\u2009\u00b1\u200911.88 on the work\u2013family conflict scale, and 15.20\u2009\u00b1\u20094.89 on the turnover intention scale. Higher work\u2013family conflict was associated with greater turnover intention (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.118, SE\u2009=\u20090.023,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.282,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) after controlling for the nursing practice environment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among female nurses with children under 18\u2009years of age, work\u2013family conflict significantly mediated between the nursing practice environment and turnover intention. Reducing overtime and improving schedule predictability were critical, particularly for nurses living alone with their children and those with adolescents. Resources should foster supportive workplace culture that enhances task efficiency to manage workloads and minimize excessive overtime. Beyond the hospital, long\u2010term cultural change promoting equitable distribution of domestic labor is essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jonm\/5439285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T13:39:13Z","timestamp":1785505153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nursing Practice Environment, Work\u2010Family Conflict, and Turnover Intention Among Female Nurses With Children Under 18\u2009years of Age in Japan: A Nationwide Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5041-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5580-5955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromi","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3881-0777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjie","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3031-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miyuki","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7531-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoko","family":"Shimpuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104311"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6430"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.2097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","volume-title":"Health at a Glance: Europe 2024: State of Health in the EU Cycle","author":"OECD\/European Commission","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","unstructured":"Japanese Nursing Association Results of the 2019 Survey on the Actual Situation of Hospital Nursing 2020 https:\/\/www.nurse.or.jp\/up_pdf\/20200330151534_f.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization State of the World\u2019s Nursing 2020: Investing in Education Jobs and Leadership 2020 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240003279."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare Overview of Health Administration Reports in 2023(Medical Employment Related Personnel) C.s.O.f.P.P.a.C Administrative Report and Statistics Office Editor. 2023-12-21 Administrative Report and Statistics Office Councillor\u2032s Office for Policy Planning and Coordination: Administrative Report and Statistics Office Councillor\u2032s Office for Policy Planning and Coordination."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","volume-title":"Current Situation Regarding the Securing of Nurses and Other Nursing Personnel","author":"Japanese Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12769"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","unstructured":"International Council of Nurses International Nurses Day 2024-The Economic Power of Care 2024 https:\/\/www.icn.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-05\/ICN_IND2024_report_EN_A4_6.1_0.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2024.105032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00768-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.10032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12280"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12371"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13287"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02681-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","unstructured":"Statistics Bureau of Japan 2021 Basic Research on Social life-results Regarding Time Use and Lifestyle 2021 https:\/\/www.stat.go.jp\/data\/shakai\/2021\/kekka.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258214"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027974"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","article-title":"Work-Family Conflict in a Cohort of Italian Nurses. 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