{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:53:04Z","timestamp":1791010384420,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":274,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Nursing Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Aim(s)<\/jats:title>\n To develop and evaluate an Structure\u2013Process\u2013Outcome (SPO) model\u2010based on\u2010site supervision program for nursing process management, and to assess its impact on nursing compliance, competency, patient satisfaction, and adverse events.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The SPO model provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating healthcare quality, yet its translation into practical on\u2010site nursing supervision tools remains limited. Nursing quality assessments frequently emphasize retrospective outcome indicators while offering limited insight into real\u2010time procedural adherence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method(s)<\/jats:title>\n \n A pre\u2013post quasi\u2010experiment was conducted in a tertiary hospital (January 2024\u2013December 2025), comparing outcomes between independent annual cohorts of nurses (2024 vs. 2025) within the same wards. Participants were not individually matched across the two phases. The intervention included a \u201c1\u2009+\u20091\u2009+\u2009\n X<\/jats:italic>\n \u201d supervision team (Structure), formative evaluation with a \u201cTen Knowledges\u201d checklist (Process), and a closed\u2010loop feedback mechanism. Data were collected from nurses (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009194) and patients (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009155) and analyzed using\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010tests and chi\u2010square tests.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Nursing compliance (aseptic technique: 91.86% vs. 83.80%), skill scores (93.65\u2009\u00b1\u20092.28 vs. 91.80\u2009\u00b1\u20093.76), and patient satisfaction (97.44\u2009\u00b1\u20093.93 vs. 95.86\u2009\u00b1\u20095.26) improved significantly (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). The annual number of documented nursing\u2010related adverse events decreased from 559 in 2024 to 398 in 2025 (presented as raw counts without adjustment for total procedures).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion(s)<\/jats:title>\n The SPO\u2010based program was associated with improvements in nursing quality and patient safety indicators, suggesting a replicable strategy for nurse managers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Implications for Nursing Management<\/jats:title>\n This program offers nurse managers a structured, theory\u2010driven framework for on\u2010site supervision that can be adapted across similar clinical settings. By strengthening procedural compliance, clinical competency, and patient\u2010centered care, the approach provides a practical strategy for improving nursing quality and patient safety within existing resource constraints.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jonm\/5565207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:14:38Z","timestamp":1791008078000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Nursing Quality Through On\u2010Site Supervision: A Process Management Intervention Guided by the Structure\u2013Process\u2013Outcome Model"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1410-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Shanxi Bethune Hospital Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Tongji Shanxi Hospital Taiyuan 030032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4914-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueqin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Shanxi Bethune Hospital Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Tongji Shanxi Hospital Taiyuan 030032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8569-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maoqing","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Shanxi Bethune Hospital Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Tongji Shanxi Hospital Taiyuan 030032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2279-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Shanxi Bethune Hospital Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Tongji Shanxi Hospital Taiyuan 030032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32401-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzz045"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-39"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2011.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410120069032"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1007-9572.2024.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn115689-20240617-00245"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.2019.e11228"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"Notice on Printing and Distributing the \u201cNational Nursing Development Plan (2021\u20132025)\u201d (Document No.: Guowei Yifa [2023] No. 4)","volume":"4","author":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bulletin of the National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (Zhonghua Ren Min Gong He Guo Wei Sheng Wei Gong Bao)"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3761\/j.issn.1672-9234.2020.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-315x.2024.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-01840-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22454\/primer.2022.665996"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/38683"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-6411.2021.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00227.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2024.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.63163\/jpehss.v3i3.650"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jnr.0000000000000594"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v15n9p1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2015.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14520"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13876"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nursing Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jonm\/5565207","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/jonm\/5565207","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jonm\/5565207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:14:50Z","timestamp":1791008090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/jonm\/5565207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/jonm\/5565207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/jonm\/5565207","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-0429","1365-2834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-0429","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"5565207"}}