{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T13:02:52Z","timestamp":1779714172739,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":144,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare microbial contamination between multidose brimonidine eye drops preserved with benzalkonium chloride (BAK\u2010MDB) and multidose brimonidine eye drops preserved with Purite\u00ae (PUR\u2010MDB) using a comparative approach on the same patient under real\u2010life conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective study, 40 glaucoma patients used BAK\u2010MDB and PUR\u2010MDB for three weeks each. From each bottle, the cap and first and second drops were cultured on sheep blood and chocolate agar. Paired comparisons were performed using the exact McNemar test. Associations between patient\u2010related factors and contamination were evaluated using Fisher\u2019s exact test and exploratory Firth\u2010penalized logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The contamination rates on the caps were similar between PUR\u2010MDB and BAK\u2010MDB on sheep blood agar (12.5% vs. 12.5%) and chocolate agar (10% vs. 12.5%) (exact McNemar test, all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). The contamination rates of the first and second drops were lower than that of the cap, and no statistically significant difference was found between the drops (exact McNemar test, all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). In univariate analysis, no difference was observed between contamination and patient\u2010related factors (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). In exploratory multivariate analysis, a higher education level was independently associated with a significant reduction in contamination risk (OR: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.001\u20130.84;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.031).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our study, no statistically significant difference was observed between BAK\u2010MDB and PUR\u2010MDB in terms of microbial contamination in caps, first and second drops. The exploratory association between education level and contamination risk will need to be confirmed in larger, adequately powered prospective studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/joph\/2867565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T12:15:26Z","timestamp":1779711326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Microbial Contamination of Multidose Brimonidine: A Prospective Comparison of Benzalkonium Chloride and Purite\u00ae Preservatives"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0325-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serap","family":"Karaca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5571-3735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer Faruk","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8156-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdurrahman","family":"Sarmis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0221-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed Ali","family":"Mutlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6309-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahide Busra","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5000-2600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabire Pelin","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0983-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halit","family":"Oguz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-05977-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1860014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01668-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2024.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/opth.s211611"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-010-0070-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2017.06.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15359"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-012-1943-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2018.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06325-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2014.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109516"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744\/bej.2021.76376"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-021-00899-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2014.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000116526.57227.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-0401-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/icu.0000000000000451"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-025-04345-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aopr.2022.100046"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ijg.0b013e31825af67d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2023.100481"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-6811-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2013.0174"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","unstructured":"BaudouinC. DenoyerA. DesbenoitN. HammG. andGriseA. In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Studies on Trabecular Meshwork Degeneration Induced by Benzalkonium Chloride 2012 110 Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 40\u201363 An American Ophthalmological Society thesis."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15808"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672118805877"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.6.835"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000517845"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210701700311"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00061198-200204000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_2","article-title":"Comparative Ocular Histopathological Effects of Eye Drops Containing Purite\u00ae (Oxychloro Complex) or Benzalkonium Chloride Preservatives in Rabbits","volume":"44","author":"Oyejide A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2019.1680685"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/joph\/2867565","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/joph\/2867565","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/joph\/2867565","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T12:15:27Z","timestamp":1779711327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/joph\/2867565"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/joph\/2867565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/joph\/2867565","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-004X","2090-0058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-004X","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2867565"}}