{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:19:52Z","timestamp":1774621192883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) infection or vaccination and retinal artery occlusions (RAOs) remains controversial. COVID\u201019 infection or vaccination can sometimes cause thrombin formation. RAOs occur due to thrombin in the retinal artery. The average age of occurrence after COVID\u201019 infection was 48.7\u2009\u00b1\u200917.2\u2009years in central RAO (CRAO) and 41.3\u2009\u00b1\u200917.8\u2009years in branch RAO (BRAO). After COVID\u201019 vaccination, the average age was 54.7\u2009\u00b1\u200917.1\u2009years in CRAO and 62.3\u2009\u00b1\u200921.2\u2009years in BRAO. The mean time from COVID\u201019 diagnosis to symptom onset was 10.5\u2009\u00b1\u20099.3\u2009days in CRAO and 48.3\u2009\u00b1\u200939.6\u2009days in BRAO. After vaccination, the mean time was 7.3\u2009\u00b1\u20096.8\u2009days in CRAO and 21.0\u2009\u00b1\u200924.9\u2009days in BRAO. Initial visual acuity (VA) after COVID\u201019 infection was 2.53\u2009\u00b1\u20090.65 in CRAO and 0.09\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07 in BRAO. Final VA was 2.73\u2009\u00b1\u20090.12 in CRAO, but data for BRAO were unavailable. After vaccination, initial VA was 2.28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.97 in CRAO and \u22120.02\u2009\u00b1\u20090.16 in BRAO. Final VA was 2.12\u2009\u00b1\u20091.24 in CRAO and could not be calculated in BRAO. The relationship between COVID\u201019 or its vaccination and RAOs was investigated through past case reports. Two types of reports existed regarding RAO incidence after the COVID\u201019 pandemic\u2014some indicated an increase, while others found no change. No reports suggested a decrease in RAO occurrence. The current evidence does not clarify the relationship between COVID\u201019 or its vaccine and RAOs. However, this relationship cannot be ruled out. Further investigations are necessary, as future infectious disease pandemics may occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/joph\/5545707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T05:52:04Z","timestamp":1771825924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationship Between COVID\u201019 and Retinal Artery 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