{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:59:47Z","timestamp":1785326387362,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":209,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blepharitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the eyelid margin that impacts millions of adults and children. Its etiology is unclear, and its treatment remains unsatisfactory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To develop an intact\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      pigskin model to evaluate the etiology of and to determine effective treatments for blepharitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mature bacterial biofilms of\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were generated on intact pigskin explants. These biofilms were treated topically for 24\u2009h before quantifying the residual biofilm bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The amount of total bacteria after treatment with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was 7.29 log. Using common clinical treatments, the amount of bacteria was 5.05 log for 10 % povidone iodine (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) and 4.96 log for 0.01% HOCl (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). The amount of bacteria for gentamicin treatment was 6.38 log, which was not significant from phosphate buffered saline (PBS) treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = NS). Using a prototype formulation, the level of bacteria was reduced to a non detectable level which was significantly lower than all other treatments (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A model for studying bacterial biofilms on intact\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      pigskin explants was developed. Using this model, it was shown that a prototype formulation containing naturally derived antimicrobials and a biofilm disrupter was superior to several commonly used clinical treatments in eliminating biofilm bacteria. We believe this effective, antibiofilm formulation can be used safely in the eye for clinical applications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/joph\/5599593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:05:41Z","timestamp":1785323141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Intact\n                    <i>Ex Vivo<\/i>\n                    Pigskin Model for Evaluating Topical Treatments for Blepharitis\u2010Associated Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7332-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Strickland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0937-5302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Gras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1167-4735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Lantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0400-2371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Eiferman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6748-203X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7299-8790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Rodeheaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2010.488562"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/icu.0000000000000164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/icl.0000000000000680"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2015.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199110010-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119854985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01719"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-022-00947-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1417036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108476"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/opth.s114674"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00910-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475x.2001.00066.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.02.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","first-page":"299","article-title":"Effects of Antimicrobial Agents on an In Vitro Biofilm Model of Skin Wounds","volume":"1","author":"Phillips P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advances in Wound Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","volume-title":"ASTM E2897-12: Standard Guide for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene Topical Antimicrobial Products Using Ex Vivo Porcine Skin","author":"International A","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00682-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1313372"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00824"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0385-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29121-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-014-2562-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","first-page":"991","article-title":"Novel Antibacterial Activity of Monolaurin Compared With Conventional Antibiotics Against Organisms From Skin Infections: An In Vitro Study","volume":"6","author":"Carpo B. 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