{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T06:58:06Z","timestamp":1790578686579,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":269,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the efficacy of an ultraviolet light type C (UVC) emitter in reducing bacterial load in common surgical equipment used during in\u2010office ophthalmological procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used 7 steam\u2010sterilized lid speculums. The first one was the negative control. The second was left unprotected in a high\u2010traffic area for 24\u2009h before being cultivated. Lid speculums 3 to 7 were contaminated with a strain of\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , recovered from an active case of postoperative endophthalmitis. The third one was cultivated immediately after contamination. Lid speculums 4 to 7 were exposed to UVC for 30\u2009s, 2, 5, and 10\u2009min, respectively (continuous 254\u2009nm UVC, irradiance &gt;\u2009160\u2009mW\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). All speculums were cultivated on Mueller\u2013Hinton agar plates for 48\u2009h (\u224821% O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Differences in bacterial load, observed colonies, and colony\u2010forming units were assessed with a Kruskal\u2013Wallis test. All experiments were done in triplicate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed 27 bacterial cultures. After 24\u2009h, lid speculum 2 showed growth of a single colony of\n                      <jats:italic>Sphingomonas paucimobilis.<\/jats:italic>\n                      After 30\u2009s of UVC exposure, bacterial growth was 108\u2009\u00b1\u20097.2\u2009CFU (bacterial load: 3240\u2009\u00b1\u2009214.7). Bacterial growth decreased progressively with increasing UVC exposure, reaching no detectable growth after 5\u2009min, representing a 100% reduction (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). A second culture obtained from lid speculum 2 and the positive control after additional 5\u2009min of UVC exposure also showed no bacterial growth.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This exploratory laboratory study suggests that, after 5\u2009min of UVC exposure using a commercially available emitter, no recoverable bacteria were detected on lid speculums under these experimental conditions. Although spores, fungi, and viruses were not evaluated, these findings suggest that UVC irradiation may be a feasible approach for reducing bacterial contamination of reusable instruments during in\u2010office ophthalmic procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/joph\/6924280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T06:50:18Z","timestamp":1790578218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultraviolet\u2010C Light Emitter as a Method for Reducing Bacterial Contamination of Ophthalmic Instruments"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6457-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Velez-Montoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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