{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:13:42Z","timestamp":1778922822796,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":135,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Freshwater snails serve as intermediate hosts for trematode parasites and play a key role in transmitting various parasitic diseases. Snail\u2010borne trematodiases pose important public and veterinary health risks in South Asia, where freshwater snails sustain transmission in agricultural and periurban waters. However, data from the Kathmandu Valley remain limited and fragmented across habitats and seasons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to determine the diversity and distribution of cercarial larvae in freshwater snail species from the southwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From July to October 2023, a total of 1893 snail samples were collected from grazing swamps, ditches, paddy fields, and canals. The samples represented five genera within four families:\n                      <jats:italic>Lymnaea acuminata<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Radix<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (Lymnaeidae),\n                      <jats:italic>Gabbia orcula<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Bithyniidae),\n                      <jats:italic>Physa acuta<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Physidae), and\n                      <jats:italic>Indoplanorbis exustus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Planorbidae). Cercarial infections were examined using the light\u2010induced shedding method.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four of the five snail species examined harbored trematode cercariae, with an overall prevalence of 3.01% (57\/1893), while\n                      <jats:italic>Radix<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. showed no infection. Nine cercarial morphotypes were identified:\n                      <jats:italic>Amphistome, Mutabile, Cercariaeum, Echinostome, Gymnocephalus, Cystophorous, Parapleurolophocerous, Xiphidiocercariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Brevifurcate apharyngate distome cercariae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The infection prevalence varied significantly by month (Fisher\u2019s exact test,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), peaking in July (5.56%), August (4.95%), and by habitat (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), with the highest prevalence in grazing swamps (4.91%). A significant positive correlation was observed between snail length and infection rate (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.781,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), with medium\u2010sized Lymnaea (18\u201326\u2009mm) and Gabbia (10\u201313.9\u2009mm) exhibiting the highest infection rates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated infection occurred in July\u2010August and among larger swamp\u2010dwelling snails. The presence of diverse trematode cercariae, including zoonotically important types, underscores potential public and veterinary health risks and highlights the need for further studies on definitive hosts and control strategies. These patterns provide actionable guidance for risk mapping and prioritizing seasonal, habitat\u2010focused surveillance and control in the Kathmandu Valley.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/1315939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T08:41:31Z","timestamp":1778920891000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Contribution Toward Understanding Trematode Diversity in Freshwater Snails of the Southwestern Kathmandu Valley, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9973-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minu","family":"Shilpakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4899-7212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajendra Prasad","family":"Parajuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7764-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishan","family":"Limbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4469-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahendra","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jesnr.v5i2.14599"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","article-title":"Morphological Characterization of Emerging Cercariae Among Lymnaeid Snails from Barangay Cawongan, Padre Garcia, Batangas, Philippines","volume":"2018","author":"Martin G. 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