{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:30:55Z","timestamp":1773927055419,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016400","name":"National Research Fund, Kenya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\/1\/MMC\/040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\/1\/MMC\/040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Polyparasitism is commonly associated with\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species\n                      <jats:italic>, Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and soil\u2010transmitted helminths. Anaemia results from a variety of causes, including parasitic infections. Women of reproductive age (WRA) and children below the age of five are disproportionately affected by polyparasitic infections, putting them at risk of anaemia. The current study was conducted to evaluate the association of polyparasitic infections with anaemia among WRA in Kilifi.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted among 478 WRA in Rabai and Magarini subcounties in Kilifi County. Blood samples were collected and analysed for\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , determination of haemoglobin (HB), and classification of anaemia, while urine and stool samples were tested for\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and soil\u2010transmitted helminths, respectively. Data were analysed using R software, and the overall magnitude of parasitic coinfections, anaemia and their associated factors was determined by chi\u2010square and t\u2010test. The differences were considered statistically significant if\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value was \u2264 0.05. The means of HB were determined to evaluate the synergistic effect of different single parasites in polyparasitism on HB at a 95% confidence interval.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence of parasitic infections was 26.9%. Polyparasitism had a prevalence of 1.8% due to concurrent infection of\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium, S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and hookworm,\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium,<\/jats:italic>\n                      hookworm and\n                      <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides,<\/jats:italic>\n                      whose prevalence was 0.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). 0.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and 0.2% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001)\n                      <jats:italic>respec<\/jats:italic>\n                      tively. The prevalence of anaemia was 16.5%, while the prevalence of normocytic and microcytic anaemia was 63% and 37%, respectively. There was no synergy between different parasites in polyparasitism and HB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study findings indicated that the prevalence of polyparasitism was low. Polyparasitic infections involving\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      were most common in the region. Anaemia was common among\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura-<\/jats:italic>\n                      infected participants, while normocytic and microcytic anaemia were common in both infected and noninfected women.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/2791451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T06:33:08Z","timestamp":1770877988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polyparasitism and Anaemia Among Women of Reproductive Age in Kilifi County\u2014Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1362-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matano","family":"Mjomba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6568-0161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Muriu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4437-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Tunje","family":"Jeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2656-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8810148"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13364-019-00423-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000882"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1722202115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","volume-title":"Reference Material for Gender Mainstreaming in the Water Resources Sector","author":"JaicA","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002468"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","volume-title":"2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume 1: Population by County and Sub-County","author":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajessr.v12i2.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37284\/eajhs.5.1.670"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239578"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kenya Malaria Strategy 2009-2017","volume":"1","author":"Ministry of Health-Kenya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30897\/ijegeo.466933"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12526-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3322-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008258"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anaemia Policy Brief","volume":"6","author":"WHO","year":"2012","journal-title":"WHO Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","first-page":"88","article-title":"Correlation Between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Intestinal Parasitic Infection in School-Age Children in Peshawar","volume":"32","author":"Khan A. 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