{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T09:33:50Z","timestamp":1793871230842,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":118,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015690","name":"Universitas Padjadjaran","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5317\/UN6.C\/PT.02\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5317\/UN6.C\/PT.02\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Helminth infections and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) frequently coexist in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries and interact through immune\u2010mediated mechanisms that influence host susceptibility to\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Beyond direct immunomodulation, increasing evidence indicates that helminth infections alter gut microbiome composition and microbial metabolite production, thereby shaping systemic and pulmonary immune responses through the gut\u2013lung axis. Given the central role of the gut microbiome in regulating T\u2010cell polarization, macrophage function, and inflammatory balance, microbiome\u2010mediated pathways have emerged as a potential link between helminth infection and impaired host defense against pulmonary TB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review examines current evidence on how helminth\u2010induced immunological changes and gut microbiome alterations, within the context of the gut\u2013lung axis, may influence susceptibility to pulmonary TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative review approach was used to synthesize findings from experimental, observational, and clinical studies addressing helminth infection, gut microbiome dynamics, immune regulation, and TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Helminth infections are associated with Th2\u2010skewed immune responses characterized by increased regulatory T\u2010cell activity and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine production, which may attenuate Th1\u2010mediated immunity essential for\n                      <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      control. Helminths also modulate gut microbiome composition, with effects ranging from increased microbial diversity to dysbiosis, depending on helminth species and host context. These microbiome alterations may influence systemic immunity through microbial metabolites such as short\u2010chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Importantly, SCFAs exhibit context\u2010dependent effects, potentially supporting immune homeostasis while, under certain conditions, promoting regulatory pathways that may dampen protective antimycobacterial responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence suggests that helminth\u2010associated immune modulation and gut microbiome alterations may influence pulmonary TB susceptibility, although most findings remain associative rather than causal. Further mechanistic and clinical studies are needed to clarify the role of the gut\u2013lung axis in helminth\u2013TB coinfection and to inform integrated disease management strategies in endemic regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/3767562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:24:31Z","timestamp":1777454671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Helminth Infection, Gut Microbiome Alterations, and Their Impact on Pulmonary Tuberculosis Susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8809-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afiat","family":"Berbudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4858-2498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvita Fitri","family":"Riswari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0893-2908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kwarteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1283054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3905963"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2025","author":"WHO","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/PATHOGENS13111005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2023.1209932\/PDF"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCITRANSLMED.AAW3703"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/IMM.13190"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2020.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00642-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0160-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1149679"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010721"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2021.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.04.588086"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599797"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2024.1454881"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000512279"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2012.50.4.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2024.1372927"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001248"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223722"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00973-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.13741"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545843"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005342"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0404-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0880"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000017608"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08716-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.673691"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1403200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.08.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.947757"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031676"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326563"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4324-2019180654"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36233\/0372-9311-270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.878382"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-96018-2.00109-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-017-0122-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2017.0902"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00814"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00519-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1512.12002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6619"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat7117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02432"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01138"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10430-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18622-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3462092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01366-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103315"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00007-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bcj20160510"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000536082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10051037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01588-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-010-0482-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/CTG.2015.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009377"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2029997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048556"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00188-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.03004-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01864"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45340-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0295"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307142"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25635"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193921"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0296"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02557"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00312"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1174034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00275-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011683"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060961"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010491"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30412-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011893"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00185-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011479"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006426"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00282-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182020000736"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47204-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01146-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-022-00172-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21475-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FCIMB.2025.1629005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12356"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00561.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02264-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00529"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0102-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801190"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-411"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288290"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01420-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004616"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0416-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001830"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH182212220"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/RCCM.201104-0655OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/SREP02191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/CDT3.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1169"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.11.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02656"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.512581"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009194"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004375"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.784141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182013000590"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2023.1186295"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2023.11176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55489\/njcm.140920233127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2213670120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102398"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.772532"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12342"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24331-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000496426"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061325"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2300847"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02307-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijm.v12i5.4606"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14499\/indonesianjpharm29iss2pp80"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-021-01589-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goac074"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80537-1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jotm\/3767562","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/jotm\/3767562","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jotm\/3767562","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:24:33Z","timestamp":1777454673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/jotm\/3767562"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Priya","family":"Gusain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/jotm\/3767562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/jotm\/3767562","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9686","1687-9694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9686","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"3767562"}}