{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:02:10Z","timestamp":1777903330886,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":257,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Due to the increasing resistance to synthetic insecticides and the proliferation of resistant strains of malaria vectors, plant\u2010derived essential oils (EOs) are gaining prominence as an alternative for controlling\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae s<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    . larvae. This study evaluated the larvicidal efficacy of EOs from\n                    <jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Schinus molle<\/jats:italic>\n                    , both individually and in combination, against early 4\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010instar\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae s<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>\n                    . larvae under laboratory and semifield conditions. The EOs were extracted using ethanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. Twenty\u2010five treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design for experimentation. Temephos (Abate) and distilled water served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Each treatment contained 20 larvae, which were acclimatized for 2\u2009h prior to exposure to EOs. Treatment cups were covered with muslin cloth to prevent debris contamination. Larval mortality was assessed at 24, 48, and 72\u2009h postexposure at concentrations of 25, 50, and 75\u2009ppm. In the laboratory,\n                    <jats:italic>A. indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    oil exhibited the highest larvicidal activity among plant treatments, with 71.66% mortality at 75\u2009ppm after 72\u2009h, while\n                    <jats:italic>S. molle<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the combined treatment produced moderate effects. LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    and LC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    values confirmed\n                    <jats:italic>A. indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019s superior potency, with significantly lower lethal concentrations across all exposure times (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). In simulated field trials,\n                    <jats:italic>A. indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    oil also demonstrated time\u2010 and dose\u2010dependent larvicidal activity, achieving 68.33% mortality at 75\u2009ppm after 72\u2009h. Synthetic larvicide Temephos (Abate) consistently caused 100% mortality within 24\u2009h at all concentrations in both settings. These findings suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>A. indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    EO, particularly at higher concentrations and longer exposures, may serve as an effective botanical alternative for larval control in integrated vector management programs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/4460220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T13:34:47Z","timestamp":1757943287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of Seed Oils From\n                    <i>Azadirachta indica<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Schinus molle<\/i>\n                    and Their Combination Against\n                    <i>Anopheles gambiae<\/i>\n                    s.l."],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0955-6211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getnet","family":"Atenafu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Netuhsew","family":"Atnaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","volume-title":"Indoor Residual Spraying: Use of Indoor Residual Spraying for Scaling up Global Malaria Control and Elimination, WHO Position Statement","author":"WHO","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","unstructured":"WHO WHO Guidelines for Malaria 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2022.100086"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00079-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajbio.20170505.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0487-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-117"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818706-7.00005-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3619.3.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-S1-P25"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","unstructured":"MoH National Malaria Elimination Strategic Plan: 2021-2025 2020 https:\/\/repository.iifphc.org\/handle\/123456789\/1526."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2021.771030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2731-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","first-page":"4183","article-title":"Evaluation on Larvicidal Effects of Essential Oils of Some Local Plants Against Anopheles arabiensis Pattonand Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera, Culicidae) in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Massebo F.","year":"2009","journal-title":"African Journal of Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2011.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Evaluation of Mosquitocidal Activities of Lepidium sativum L. and Millettia ferruginea (Hochst) Baker Essential Oils Against the Malaria Vector, Anopheles gambiae Sensu Lato (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"6","author":"Jemberie W.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Mosquito Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/mejs.v3i1.63684"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","first-page":"471","article-title":"Evaluation of Water and Ethanol Extracts of Schinus molle Linn. Against Immature Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"2","author":"Girmay K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Coastal Life Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0954-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","volume-title":"A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa, South of the Sahara Publication of the South African Institute of International Medicine and Research","author":"Gillies M. 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